nervous system 4 - muscle activation or something

Question 1

which nervous system idk controls skeletal muscle

Answer 1

somatic

Question 2

which nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells - what are the two branches

Answer 2

autonomic - sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 3

what does the sympathetic nervous system do? neurotransmitter?

Answer 3

fight or flight. adrenaline

Question 4

what do preganglionic neurons release in sympathetic nervous system?
what do postganglionic neurons release in sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

acetylcholine in preganglionic
noradrenaline in postganglionic

Question 5

what effect does binding to different postsynaptic adrenoreceptors have in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

relaxes airways in lungs
inhibits digestion
accelerates heart rate

Question 6

what can adrenaline be used to treat

Answer 6

patients in cardiac arrest

Question 7

which neurotransmitter is used pre and post ganglionic in parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

acetylcholine

Question 8

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control

Answer 8

digestion, metabolic functions, regulates kidney liver etc

Question 9

what does binding to different postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system result in

Answer 9

constriction of airways, stimulates digestion, slows heart rate

Question 10

lower motor neurons innervates what?

Answer 10

each motor neuron innervates a single muscle

Question 11

lower motor neurons organisation

Answer 11

neurons innervating axial muscles are medial to neurons innervating distal muscles in the spinal cord. neurons innervating flexors dorsal to neurons innervating extensors

Question 12

what is the motor unit

Answer 12

alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibres it innervates

Question 13

what is a motor neuron pool

Answer 13

collection of alpha motor neurons that innervates a single muscle

Question 14

what is needed to trigger a postsynaptic action potential in a muscle fibre

Answer 14

one presynaptic action potential

Question 15

what is acetylcholine broken down into after binding with postsynaptic receptors

Answer 15

choline and acaetic acid

Question 16

what uptakes choline into the presynaptic cell

Answer 16

choline transporter

Question 17

what does choline bind with to form acetylcholine

Answer 17

Acetyl CoA

Question 18

what is the excitable cell membrane covering a muscle fibre

Answer 18

sarcolemma

Question 19

what in a muscle fibre contracts in response to an action potential sweeping down the sarcolemma

Answer 19

myofibrils

Question 20

what is released in a muscle fibre when post synaptic depolarisation occurs

Answer 20

calcium

Question 21

what does calcium bind to after being released (in a muscle fibre) and what effect does this have

Answer 21

troponin which causes myosin to bind with actin, creating an active pulling process which allows contraction/relaxation of muscle

Question 22

when does relaxation in a muscle fibre occur

Answer 22

when Ca2+ or ATP levels reduce

Question 23

muscle twitches to sustained contraction

Answer 23

single muscle twitches to temporal summation to unfused tetanus to fused tetanus

Question 24

what is a reflex

Answer 24

involuntary instantaneous movement in response to stimulus (doesn’t require brain)

Question 25

which neuron may connect sensory neurons and alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord during reflexes

Answer 25

inhibitory interneurons

Question 26

reflex pathways?

Answer 26

sensory neurons axon splits into two - one excitatory straight to motor neuron, one to inhibitory interneuron which inhibits another motor neuron, inhibiting other muscle

Question 27

three reflex examples

Answer 27

knee-jerk, crossed-extensor, vestibulo-ocular reflex