Nervous System

Question 1

Afferent:

Answer 1

Sensory info to the CNS

Question 2

Efferent:

Answer 2

Motor commands from the CNS

Question 3

Nerves:

Answer 3

Bundles of axons in the PNS

Question 4

Tracts:

Answer 4

Bundles of axons in the CNS

Question 5

Ganglia:

Answer 5

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Question 6

Nuclei:

Answer 6

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Question 7

White Matter:

Answer 7

Mostly myelinated axons; contains tracts

Question 8

Grey Matter:

Answer 8

Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and glia; contains nuclei

Question 9

EPSP:

Answer 9

Neurotransmitter binding causes cation channels to open & Na+ enters cell; less negative membrane potential

Question 10

IPSP:

Answer 10

Neurotransmitter binding causes channels to open & either K+ to leave or Cl- to enter the cell: more negative membrane potential

Question 11

Dura Mater:

Answer 11

Outer thick fibrous sheath → provides stability and protection

Question 12

Arachnoid Mater:

Answer 12

The middle of three layers that make up the meninges, containing CSF

Question 13

Pia Mater:

Answer 13

Inner membrane bound to spinal chord → provides support to blood vessels of the spinal chord

Question 14

Epidural Space:

Answer 14

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels and adipose tissue between Dura mater and vertebrae

Question 15

Subarachnoid Space:

Answer 15

Strands of connective tissue that looks like a spiders web, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, between arachnoid mater and pia mater. CSF acts as a shock absorber and diffusion medium for gasses and nutrients.

Question 16

Dorsal Horn:

Answer 16

Cell bodies of interneurons receiving sensory info (towards the back)

Question 17

Ventral Horn:

Answer 17

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons (towards the front)

Question 18

Lateral Horn:

Answer 18

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (to the side)

Question 19

Dorsal Root:

Answer 19

Sensory (afferent) axons

Question 20

Ventral Root:

Answer 20

Motor (efferent) axons

Question 21

Dorsal Root Ganglia:

Answer 21

Collection of sensory cell bodies

Question 22

Monosynaptic:

Answer 22

One synapse between afferent and efferent neuron

Question 23

Polysynaptic:

Answer 23

More than one synapse. Involves interneurons

Question 24

Muscle Spindle:

Answer 24

Sensory receptor for stretch reflex

Question 25

Reciprocal Inhibition:

Answer 25

Simultaneous stimulation and inhibition of antagonistic muscles

Question 26

Contralateral:

Answer 26

Motor response on opposite side to stimulus

Question 27

Ipsilateral:

Answer 27

Motor response on same side as stimulus

Question 28

Chloroid Plexus:

Answer 28

A network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain, producing the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 29

Blood Brain Barrier:

Answer 29

Formed by tightly adhered capillary cells

Question 30

Sensory Homunculus:

Answer 30

Represents the sensitivity of each body region

Question 31

Motor Homunculus:

Answer 31

Represents the amount of motor control devoted to each body region

Question 32

Autonomic Tone:

Answer 32

Basal rate of activity to allow increase AND decrease

Question 33

Two Motor Neuron Chain:

Answer 33

Two motor neurons that synapse at an autonomic ganglion in the PNS

Question 34

Preganglionic Neuron:

Answer 34

Cell bodies in the CNS

Question 35

Ganglionic Neuron:

Answer 35

Cell bodies in autonomic ganglia

Question 36

Preganglionic Fibres:

Answer 36

Axons in the CNS

Question 37

Postganglionic Fibres:

Answer 37

Axons in the autonomic ganglia

Question 38

Autonomic Ganglia:

Answer 38

Autonomic ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies that transmit sensory signals from the PNS to integration centres in the CNS.

Question 39

Cholinergic Fibres:

Answer 39

Release acetylcholine

Question 40

Adrenergic Fibres:

Answer 40

Release norepinephrine

Question 41

Nicotinic Receptors:

Answer 41

Sodium channels on all ganglionic neurons. Binding of Ach is excitatory.

Question 42

Muscarinic Receptors:

Answer 42

G-protein coupled receptors on all parasympathetic target organs. Binding of Ach is excitatory or inhibitory

Question 43

Adrenergic Receptors:

Answer 43

5 types of G-protein coupled receptors, found on sympathetic target organs, that bind epinephrine and nor epinephrine with differing affinities.

Question 44

Receptor Adaptation:

Answer 44

Most receptors adapt to constant stimulation, which means receptor potential magnitude decreases over time

Question 45

Tonic Receptors:

Answer 45

Adapt slowly or not at all, with a constant response to stimuli

Question 46

Phasic Receptors:

Answer 46

Adapt quickly and responds to changes in stimuli

Question 47

Labelled Line:

Answer 47

Neural pathway from sensory receptor to cortex, specific to each type of stimuli

Question 48

Receptive Field:

Answer 48

The area monitored by a single sensory neuron

Question 49

Mechanoreceptors:

Answer 49

Responds to touch, pressure, vibration and position of joints and muscles

Question 50

Thermoreceptors:

Answer 50

Two types; warm and cold. They are fast adapting phasic receptors and respond strongly to changes in temperature.

Question 51

Nociceptors:

Answer 51

Detects pain and is associated with behavioural and emotional responses.

Question 52

Chemoreceptors:

Answer 52

Detects chemical stimulus