Nervous System

Question 1

Types of Supporting Cells

Answer 1

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Obligodendrocytes

Question 2

Astrocytes

Answer 2

Star-shaped
Nearly half of all neural tissue

Brace and anchor neurons to their supply line, blood capillaries; form living barrier between capillaries and neuron

Help control chemical environment in brain

Question 3

Microglia

Answer 3

Spider-like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

Question 4

Ependymal

Answer 4

Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord.

Ependymal cilia helps circulate CSF, forming protective cushioning around CNS

Question 5

Obligodendrocytes

Answer 5

Myelin sheath wrappings around nerve fibers in CNS

Question 6

Types of motor/efferent divisions

Answer 6

Somatic

Autonomic

Question 7

Types of autonomic divisions

Answer 7

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Question 8

Myelin Sheath

Answer 8

Made up of obligodendrocytes in CNS
Called Schwann Cells in PNS

Protect and insulate nerve fibers

Question 9

Multipolar neuron

Answer 9

Several processes extending from cell body

Most common

Question 10

Bipolar neuron

Answer 10

Two processes - an axon and a dendrite

Question 11

Unipolar neuron

Answer 11

Single process extending from cell body

Very short, and divides almost immediately into proximal (central) and distal (peripheral).

Question 12

Two neuron functional properties

Answer 12

Irritability

Conductivity

Question 13

Nerve impulse steps

Answer 13

1. Resting Potential
2. Local Depolarization
3. Depolarization and generation of Action Potential
4. Porpagation of the action potential
5. Repolarization
6. Hyperpolarization
7. Return to resting state

Question 14

Reflex arc steps

Answer 14

1. Sensory receptor
2. Sensory/afferent pathway
3. Integration center (interneuron/synapse in ventral horn gray matter)
4. Motor/efferent pathway
5. Effector

Question 15

Cerebrum parts

Answer 15

Sucli
Gyri
Cerebral Cortex/Gray Matter
White Matter (inside)
Lobes
Hemispheres

Question 16

Diencephalon/Interbrain parts

Answer 16

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
  - Pituitary gland
Epithalamus
  - Pineal Body
  - Choroid Process

Question 17

Brain Stem parts

Answer 17

Midbrain
  - Cerebral penduncles
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation

Question 18

Cerebellum parts

Answer 18

Arbor Vitae
Cerebellar Cortex
Hemispheres

Question 19

Meninges

Answer 19

Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Subarachnoid Space –> Pia mater

Question 20

Hydrocephalus

Answer 20

“Water on the brain”

When CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain

Seen mainly in newborns, as fontanels are still present

Question 21

Concussion

Answer 21

Slight brain injury

Dizzy, “see stars,” or lose consciousness briefly, but no permanent brain damage

Question 22

Contusion

Answer 22

Marked tissue destruction

Cerebral cortex injured –> may remain conscious
Brain stem injured –> coma, hours to lifetime

Question 23

Nerve wrappings

Answer 23

Nerve –> Epineurium
Fascicle –> Perineurium
Nerve fiber –> Endoneurium

Question 24

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 24

Motor subdivision of PNS responsible for involuntary actions.

• Cardiac and smooth muscle
• Glands

Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Question 25

Autonomic Nervous System - Nerve Impulse

Answer 25

Nerve impulses typically in three parts: preganglionic axon, ganglion, postganglionic axon

Question 26

ANS - Sympathetic Division

Answer 26

"Fight or flight;" working full speed when emotionally upset and physically stressed Thoracolumbar division of spinal cells (T1 - L2)

Question 27

ANS - Parasympathetic Division

Answer 27

"Resting and digesting" system

Question 28

When does the nervous system form?

Answer 28

First month of embryonic development

Question 29

Biggest danger to child during pregnancy?

Answer 29

Maternal infection - lack of oxygen to brain - smoking - radiation - alcohol

Question 30

Cerebral palsy

Answer 30

Neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic because of brain damage

Question 31

Anencephaly

Answer 31

Failure of the cerebrum to develop, resulting in a child who cannot hear, see, or process sensory inputs

Question 32

Spina bifida

Answer 32

Vertebrae form incompletely

Question 33

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 33

Type of low blood pressure resulting from changes in body position, such as getting up too quickly and passing out

Question 34

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 34

Results in a decreasing supply of oxygen to the brain neurons.

Question 35

Senility

Answer 35

Gradual lack of oxygen due to the aging process. Forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly, and confusion

Question 36

Thalamus

Answer 36

Relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex Tells us if sensations are nice or bad

Question 37

Hypothalamus

Answer 37

Regulation of body temperature Water balance Metabolism Pituitary gland Center for many drives and emotions (limbic system)

Question 38

Choroid plexus

Answer 38

Forms CSF

Question 39

Brain stem functions

Answer 39

Houses nuclei that produce the ridigly programmed autonomic behaviors necessary for survival Controls breathing and blood pressure

Question 40

Cerebellum functions

Answer 40

Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity | Controls balance and equillibrium

Question 41

Primary motor area location

Answer 41

Cerebral cortex, anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

Question 42

Primary somatic sensory area location

Answer 42

Parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus

Question 43

Fissure

Answer 43

Much bigger and more apparent sulci; separates parietal lobes, for example

Question 44

Broca's area

Answer 44

Found at base of precentral gyrus (gyrus anterior to the central sulcus; usually left cerebral hemisphere) Allows for ability to speak clearly

Question 45

Wernicke's area

Answer 45

Allows for ability to speak with accuracy of vocabulary

Question 46

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 46

Gaps between Schwann Cells