Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

there are varying levels of ___________ of nervous systems; higher __________ ability = more _______ behavior

A

there are varying levels of complexity of nervous systems: higher cognitive ability = more complex behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit information from receptors that detect external (ie light, heat, sound) and internal (ie blood CO2 level, muscle tension) to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

interneurons

A

integrate (analyze and interpret) sensory input in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

motor neurons

A

transports motor output out of the CNS to effector cells (ie muscle and endocrine cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

reflex

A

the body’s automatic response to stimuli that allow for a rapid response to stimuli- can be either spinal or cranial reflexes (ie knee-jerk, pupil dilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

difference of reflexes from other information processing

A

decreases the number of neurons involved to increase speed of action potential to minimize bodily damage
-limited need for cognitive integration - involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals from sensor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell body

A

contains main organelles and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

axon hillock

A

the region where the action potential is generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axon

A

transmits the signal (action potential) to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating cells surrounding the axon

formed by: Oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann Cells in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

synaptic (axon) terminal

A

the site where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse to communicate with other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

synapse/synaptic cleft

A

gap between two neurons where communication through neurotransmitters occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of supporting cells

A

astrocytes, glial cells, oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

astrocytes

A

regulate the concentration of ions and neurotransmitters and forms the blood-brain barrier in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glial cells

A

lay the foundation for the development neural tube in fetuses and are responsible for structural support and the proper functioning of neurons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form the myelin sheath in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

resting potential

A
  • 70mV
  • results from differences in ionic concentration between the inside and outside of the cell
    • higher concentration of Na+ on the outside
    • higher concentration of K+ on the inside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is resting potential maintained?

A

sodium-potassium pumps use active transport to pump 3 Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions pumped in and maintain negative potential inside and positive potential outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

action potential in role of membrane potential

A

Neurons have changes in membrane potential in response to stimuli that result
in either:
- hyperpolarization: inside of membrane becomes more negative
- depolarization: inside of membrane becomes more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

graded potentials

A

change in membrane potential that varies depending on strength of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

action potentials are stimulated at _____ _________ and move toward ________ _________

A

axon hillock

synaptic (axon) terminals

24
Q

conduction of action potentials

A

strong depolarization in one area spreads through electrical current

25
factors that affect conduction speed:
axon diameter, myelin sheath, saltatory conduction along nodes of Ranvier
26
synaptic communication
1. The arrival of an action potential at the axon/synaptic terminal opens calcium voltage gated ion channels, which allows calcium ions to diffuse into the cell. 2. The diffusion of calcium into the cell causes vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitters into the synapse via exocytosis. 3. The neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated protein channels on the postsynaptic cell. 4. Neurotransmitters are degraded by enzymes, recycled, or reuptaked.
27
EPSP
``` excitatory post-synaptic potential causes depolarization (+) that moves the membrane potential toward threshold opens Na+ channels to flow in ```
28
IPSP
``` inhibitory post-synaptic potential causes hyperpolarization (-) that moves the membrane potential away from threshold opens K+ channels to flow out ```
29
Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, biogenic amines, endorphins
30
acetylcholine
excitatory; found in neuromuscular joints and released by motor neurons to signal muscle contraction
31
biogenic amines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin
32
epinephrine
excitatory, fight or flight response (adrenaline)
33
norepinephrine
excitatory in the autonomic nervous system
34
dopmine
reward pathways in the CNS
35
seratonin
feelings of happiness in the CNS
36
endorphins
neuropeptides- naturally decrease pain perception and released during exercise
37
the _________ of the stimulus determines the _________ at which action potentials are sent
strength; frequency
38
Central Nervous Stystem
brain and spinal cord | -integration center for complex behaviors
39
Peripheral Nervous system
consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with associated ganglia -transmits information to and from the CNS
40
PNS is divided into __________ Nervous System and the __________ Nervous System
somatic and autonomic
41
somatic nervous system
voluntary system bc it is under conscious control to move skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli
42
autonomic nervous system
involuntary system bc it regualtes internal conditions by contracting smooth (digestive) and cardiac (heart) muscles
43
autonomic nervous system is divided into _____________ and _______-____________ regions
sypathetic and para-sympathetic
44
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response | *sympathizes with the fact that you are about to die
45
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest | restores bodily functions to resting state after heightened stress
46
Brainstem
evolutionaryily, oldest part of the brain (primitive) | controls homeostatic functions (ie breathing, heart function, digestion) and some coordination
47
Cerebellum
Controls learning & memory of motor functions through integration of sensory & motor information (i.e. hand-eye coordination)
48
Cerebrum
Higher functioning brain * Controls thought & action * Divided into lobes for varying functions
49
Summation
Individual post-synaptic potentials combine to make larger | changes to membrane potential
50
Temporal Summation
one potential directly after the other
51
Spatial Summation
multiple presynaptic neurons working simultaneously on | the one postsynaptic neuron
52
Action Potential Steps
1. Resting Potential 2. Depolarization (Rising Phase) 3. Repolarization (Falling Phase) 4. Hyperpolarization (Undershoot)
53
Resting Potential
gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed, while ungated channels are open to maintain resting potential - no movement of Na+ and K+ ions
54
Depolarization
stimulus depolarizes membrane opening some gated Na+ channels & allowing a small increase in Na+ - once threshold of -55 mV is reached, most gated Na+ channels will open, allowing Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell, allowing inside of membrane to become positive - no movement of K+ ions
55
Repolarization
at +35 mV, Na+ voltage-gated channels close and lock while K+ channels open to allow K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell, restoring the negative chanrge - no movement of Na+ ions
56
Hyperpolarization
- K+ gated channels remain open and allow K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell until -80mV - after -80mV, K+ gated channels close and the Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential

AP Biology (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions