Nervous system

Question 1

What is the function of the nervous system?

Answer 1

It is the master controlling and communication centre of the body.
It co-ordinates and controls all essential functions of the body.
It provides information on the environment and allows the body to respect accordingly.
It is capable of higher functions such as memory, learning and emotions

Question 2

What is the structure of a standard neuron?

Answer 2

It had all the essential membrane-bound organelles such as rER, sER, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, golgi apparatus etc.
Additionally, there are specialised organelles: Dendritic spine, dendrite, axon hillock and axon.

Question 3

Why is there myelination on neurons?

Answer 3

Myelination is when Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons. It speeds up conduction rates of neurons.

Question 4

What is the endoneurium?

Answer 4

They’re delicate connective tissue layer surrounding axons and are associated Schwann cells.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/07/7f/f9/077ff929651054cc8103a91a35579eff.jpg

Question 5

What is the perineurium?

Answer 5

It is a connective tissue layer surrounding groups of axons forming fascicles.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/07/7f/f9/077ff929651054cc8103a91a35579eff.jpg

Question 6

What is the epineurium?

Answer 6

A connective tissue layer that surrounds fasicles and blood vessls. This forms the nerve.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/07/7f/f9/077ff929651054cc8103a91a35579eff.jpg

Question 7

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 7

Propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction speed of action potentials.

Question 8

What is Nissl staining used for?

What is chromatolysis?

Answer 8

Nissl staining is a staining method used on nervous tissue sections.
Chromatolysis is loss of Nissl solutions

Question 9

What types of neurons are there?

Answer 9

Functional classification
Afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), interneurons (relay)

Structural classifications
Multipolar, bipolar , unipolar

Question 10

What are Purkinje cells?

Answer 10

.

Question 11

What are Neuroglia?

What types of neuroglia are there?

Answer 11

Otherwise known as just glia. Their function is to support neurons.

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells and Schwann cells (maybe)

Question 12

What are astrocytes and their function?

Answer 12

Star shaped glial cells, which are the most abundant glia in the brain.
They regulate water levels, K+ levels and neurotransmitter levels.
They inhibit axon regeneration.

Question 13

What are oligodendrocytes function?

Answer 13

Myelinating glia in the CNS. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons
They also inhibit axon regeneration.

Question 14

What are microglia function?

Answer 14

They are specialised macrophages, found only in the CNS. They respond to inflammation, microorganism, foreign substances, the standard macrophages things

Question 15

What are ependymal cells function?

Answer 15

They line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal. Specialised ependymal cells form choroid plexuses (which is within the brain ventricles). Choroid plexuses secrete CSF.

Question 16

What are the Schwann cells function?

Answer 16

Myelinating glia in PNS. One schwann cell wraps around a part of the axon.
They promote axon regeneration.

Question 17

How is the nervous system organised?

The tree diagram

Answer 17

https://o.quizlet.com/sF45bsyirINf04Dg6QzI4w.jpg

Question 18

What separated a CNS neuron from a PNS neuron?

Answer 18

CNS neuron is entirely contained within the spinal cord or brain.
PNS neuron is entirely outside of the brain or spinal cord or if any parts of the neuron protrudes form the spinal cord.

Question 19

For humans, what is the:
Dorsal axis
Anterior axis
Posterior axis
Ventral axis

Answer 19

Dorsal = backside
Anterior = upward
Posterior = downward
Ventral = belly-side

Question 20

What is the sagittal plane?
What is the coronal plane?
What is the horizontal plane?

Answer 20

Sagittal = Through the nose to back of head
Coronal = Ear to ear (vertical)
Horizontal = Self-explanatory

Question 21

What is the hindbrain?

Answer 21

The pons, cerebellum and medulla form the hindbrain.

They support vital bodily processes.

Question 22

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 22

L1/L2

https://s3.amazonaws.com/reeve-assets-production/BrainSpinalCordlabld.jpg

Question 23

What is the spinal cord’s spinal nerves comprised of?

Answer 23

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

Question 24

Where is the white matter and grey matter in the nervous system?

Answer 24

White matter is on the inside of the brain and the outside of the spinal cord.
Grey matter is on the outside of the brain and on the inside of the spinal cord.

Question 25

What are fissures, sulci and gyri? | What is the purpose of them?

Answer 25

Ridges of the brain are known as gyri. Grooves are known as sulci. Deeper grooves are known as fissures. They increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex so allows more neural material to be contained within the skull

Question 26

What are the lobes of the brain? | Where are they located?

Answer 26

The frontal lobe is at the front of the brain Occupital lobe is at the back of the brain Parietal is at the mid-top region of the brain Temporal lobe is below the parietal

Question 27

What is the cerebrospinal fluid and what is its function?

Answer 27

CSF is made by specialised ependymal cells and is fluid found within the central canal and the skull surrounding the brain. CSF is reabsorbed into the venous system. Function is to provide buoyancy of the brain and protect the brain (the fluid absorbs shock so allows brain to not sustain that much damage). Additionally the CSF removes waste products.

Question 28

What is hyrdocephalus?

Answer 28

When the cerebrospinal fluid isn't absorbed back into venous system causing swelling of the head.

Question 29

What are the 3 meninges?

Answer 29

``` Pia mater (inner) Arachnoid mater (middle) Dura mater (outer) ```

Question 30

What is the Pia mater?

Answer 30

The innermost meningeal layer which is fine and delicate. | It allows entry of blood vessels to the brain and provides an impermeable layer containing the CSF.

Question 31

What is the Arachnoid mater?

Answer 31

Middle meningeal layer which is silky and web-like (hence arachnoid). It protects CNS together with the other meninges.

Question 32

What is the Dura mater?

Answer 32

The outermost meningeal layer which is tough. | It protects the CNS together with the other meninges. Forms sinuses that carry venous blood.

Question 33

How is the CSF flushed out from the brain?

Answer 33

CSF leaves through the sub-arachnoid space intos superior sagittal sinus.