nervous system Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
what are the parts of the CNS?
A
brain
spinal cord
CN I,II
2
Q
parts of PNS?
A
peripheral nerves (e.g radial,sciatic nerves) ganglia (sensory, autonomic) other CN, III-XII
3
Q
what are the 3 germ layers?
A
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
4
Q
what is the thin part of ectoderm?
A
skin (surface) ectoderm
5
Q
what is the thick part of ectoderm above the notochord?
A
neural ectoderm
6
Q
what is the neural groove?
A
when a part of the neural ectoderm inveginates to the mesenchyme.
a groove is found between 2 folds.
7
Q
what is the neural tube?
A
when 2 folds will meet and enclose the neural groove, a neural tube will form and migrate to the mesenchyme.
8
Q
what are the cell is the neural fold?
A
neural crest- from neural fold cells.
9
Q
what is the thickening on the anterior part of the surface ectoderm, in front of the neural tube?
A
placod ectoderm
10
Q
what will form the brain and what will form the spinal cord?
A
cranial part of neural tube will form the brain,
caudal part of neural tube will form the spinal cord.
(neural tube will form the CNS)
11
Q
what are the 3 primary brain vesicles, found at the cranial end of the neural tube?
A
- forebrain (prosencephalon)
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- hindbrain (rombencephalon)
- the caudal continuation of these 3 is the spinal cord
- this is until the 5th week, after which these primary brain vesicles transform to secondary vesicles.
12
Q
what are the derivatives of the prosencephalon?
secondary brain vesicles
A
- telencephalon (end brain) with 2 hemispheres
- -> 2 hemispheres r+l
- -> telencephalon impar (unpaired), found between them. - diencephalon
13
Q
what are the derivatives of the mesencephalon?
secondary brain vesicles
A
there are no derivatives, it remains mesencephalon/midbrain
14
Q
what are the derivatives of the rombencephalon?
secondary brain vesicles
A
- metencephalon
- -> pons [ant]
- -> cerebellum [post] - myencephalon
- ->medulla oblongatab(it is between pons and spinal cord)
*caudally is the spinal cord
15
Q
what is the wall of primary and secondary vesicles?
A
neural ectoderm, will form Glial cells and neurons.
16
Q
what is the cavity of the hemispheres?
A
lateral ventricles.
17
Q
what is the opening between telencephalon impar and the cavity of the hemispheres?
A
interventricular foramen (of Monroe)
18
Q
what is the common cavity between the telencephalon impar and diencephalon?
A
the 3rd ventricle
19
Q
what is the common cavity of the rombencephalon, of the the pons, medulla and cerebellum?
A
4th ventricle (behind pons and medulla, in front of the cerebellum)
20
Q
what is the connection between 3rd and 4th ventricles?
A
cerebral aquaduct (sylvian cannal) it is due to proliferation of cells in the mesencephalon which makes the space narrower, tube like.
21
Q
what are the 2 main sulcus we need to identify?
A
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
22
Q
what are the parts of the inferior frontal gyrus?
A
pars orbitalis
pars triangularis
pars opercularis
*these are bordered by the ascending and horizontal parts.
23
Q
what is between the superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus?
A
the middle frontal gyrus
24
Q
what is the gyrus above the corpus callosum?
A
cingulate gyrus, with cingulate sulcus above.
25
what is the continuation of the cingulate sulcus?
marginal sulcus
26
what is the border between the parietal and occipital lobes?
parieto-occipital fissure
27
what is the most important fissure of the occipital lobe?
calcarine sulcus.
28
what is found between the calcarine sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus?
triangular - shaped cuneus.
in front of the cuneus- precuneus [quadrangular shaped, btw marginal sulcus and parieto-occipital sulci]
29
what is in front of the precuneus?
para-central lobule
30
which 2 lobules are between the intra-parietal sulcus?
superior parietal lobule + inferior parietal lobule
31
which 2 parts belong to the inferior parietal lobule?
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
(two C shaped)
32
how can you find easily the 2 gyri of the inferior parietal lobule?
at the end of the lateral sulcus - the supramarginal gyrus can be found.
at the end of the superior temporal sulcus - the angular gyrus can be found.
[Wernicke's area]
33
what is the continuation of the lingual gyrus?
para hippocampal gyrus
34
the fusion of the 2 vertebral arteries gives which artery?
the Basilar a.
35
where can we find the 3rd cranial nerve?
between:
| posterior cerebral a. AND superior cerebellar a.
36
what are the branches of the vertebral a.?
it gives:
1. posterior inferior cerebellar a.
2. anterior spinal a.
3. posterior spinal a.
37
what are the emissarian veins?
connection between intracranial veins + diploe,
| and intracranial veins + extracranial veins.
38
which 2 veins are in the roof of the 3rd ventricle?
1. internal cerebral vein
- -> vein of septum pellucidum
- ->thalamo-striate vein
- -> superior choroidal vein
2. great cerebral vein (of Gallen)
- ->drains to straight sinus
39
what is the cavity of the hemisphere?
the lateral ventricle
40
what are the parts of the lateral ventricle?
1. anterior horn [f]
2. central part\body [p]
3. posterior horn [o]
4. inferior horn [t]
41
what are the walls of the anterior horn?
ant: genu of corpus callosum
floor: rostrum of corpus callosum
roof: junction of body+genu of C.C
medial: septum pellucidum
lateral: head of caudate nucleus
42
what are the walls of the central part?
ant: NO anterior wall {because anterior horn}
floor: seemingly thalamus, but lamina affixa
roof: body of corpus callosum
medial: septum pellucidum, part of fornix, choroid tella of central part
lateral wall: body of caudate nucleus.
43
walls of posterior horn?
ant: NO anterior wall
roof: radiation of splenium of C.C + optic radiation
floor: collateral trigone
postero-medial: calcar avis, from calcarine sulcus
lateral: tapetum [radiation of fibers of c.c]
44
walls of inferior horn?
roof: white matter of temporal lobe [tale of caudate nucleus, stria terminalis,optic tract, lateral geniculate body]
floor: collateral eminene +hippocampus
medial: choroid tella
lateral: tapetum
anterior: amygdaloid body
45
what is the outer layer of the brain and what does it contain?
grey matter\cortex, contains cell bodies of neurons + glial cells + basal ganglia
46
what is the inner layer of the brain and what does it contain?
white matter \ medulla, longest parts of neurons, vessles, cell nuclei.
47
what is the boundary between parietal lobe and occipital lobe?
line between the upper part of parieto-occipital fissure and pre-occipital notch
48
what are the 2 layer of the dura matter in the brain?
outer, periosteal layer [gives periosteum to cranium]
| inner, meningeal layer
49
what are the meningeal arteries?
1. anterior meningeal a.
- > from ICA
2. middle meningeal a.
- > from maxillary a. -> from ECA
3. posterior meningeal a.
- >from ascending pharyngeal ->ECA
50
what are the septa?
duplications of the dura matter:
1. falx cerebri
2. falx cerebelli
3. tentorium cerebelli
4. diaphragma sellae [opening for stalk of hypophysis]
5. trigeminal cavity [meckel's]
51
what kind of space is the epidural space in the brain?
not a true space, potential epidural bleeding. [lens shaped]
| between the periosteal layer and the sutures of skull
52
what kind of space is the subdural space in the brain?
not a true space. potential venous hemorrhage.
| [bridging veins]
53
what is a cistern?
dilated portion of subarachnoid space,
| a cavity where CSF flows
54
what are the functions of the CSF?
shock absorber
removes waste products of neurons and glial cells
makes brain & spinal cord lighter.
55
what is the dura matter spinalis?
its the dura mater of spinal cord, consists of
outer layer = endorachis
inner layer = dural sac
56
the epidural space in the spinal cord is..
a true space !
| filled with fatty C.T + internal vertebral venous plexus.
57
the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord is..
a true space!
| contains the CSF.
58
the 4th ventricle is considered as a cavity of..?
the hindbrain
59
what is the connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
cerebral aquaduct - filled with CSF
60
in the brain stem, what are the 2 structures that each part has? and which part has an extra structure?
the midbrain, pons, and medulla each have a BASE + TEGMENTUM.
the midbrain also has a Tectum.
61
what is the cerebral peduncule?
it is in the midbrain, consists of the base + tegmentum.
2 cerebral peduncules form interpeduncular fossa.
62
where does the production of CSF takes place?
in the roof of 3rd ventricle
in the central part of lateral ventricle
at the inferior horn of lateral ventricle
in the 4th ventricle
63
what is the choroid glomus?
enlargement of choroid plexus.
| choroid plexus of central part+inferior horn meet, and protrudes to posterior horn.
64
what is the choroid tella?
lamina choroidea epithelialis + vascular pia matter
65
what are the 3 gyri of the frontal lobe?
superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
66
what are the 3 gyri of the temporal lobe?
superior temporal gyrus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus
67
what are the 3 parts comprising the inferior frontal gyrus?
pars orbitalis
pars triangularis
pars opercularis
68
what are the 2 parts of the inferior temporal lobule?
1. supramarginal gyrus [cont. with lateral sulcus]
| 2. angular gyrus [cont. with sup. temporal sulcus]
69
what is the name of the cistern which is connection between median pontine cistern, and cistern of optic chiasm?
interpeduncular cistern
70
arteries of the willi's circle?
anterior + posterior cerebral a.
posterior communicating a.
anterior communicating a.
internal carotid a.
71
main gyri of inferior parietal lobule?
angular gyrus
| supramarginal gyrus
72
what is the gyri below the calcarine sulcus?
lingual gyrus
73
between which 2 layers is the epidural space of the vertebral column?
endorachis + dural sac
74
what are the veins forming the internal cerebral vein?
1. vein of septum pellucidum
2. thalamo-striate vein
3. superior choroidal vein
75
what is the border between para-hippocampal gyrus and medial occipito-temporal gyrus?
collateral sulcus
76
how many cervical cranial nerves do we have?
8
77
what are the denticulate ligaments?
pia matter, pierces the arachnoid and attached to dural sac, anchors the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
78
contents of the epidural space in vertebral canal?
fatty connective tissue
| internal vertebral venous plexus
79
superior orbital fissure is the skull exit of which cranial nerves?
1. occulomotor
2. trochlear
3. ophtalmic of trigeminal
4. abduscent
80
where is the dural exit of the olfactory nerve?
cribriform plate
81
what is the name of the fissure between the 2 hemispheres?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
82
what is the name of the dural septum in the transverse cerebral fissure?
tentorium cerebelli.
83
what is the connection between the inferior sagittal sinus and confluence sinus?
straight sinus.
84
what is the lateral wall of 3rd ventricle?
thalamus+hypothalamus
85
floor of 3rd ventricle?
hypothalamus+ mamilary bodies, infundibulum, optic chiasm
86
roof of 3rd ventricle?
choroid tella and plexus of 3rd ventricle.
87
where can we find the lamina rostralis?
between rostrum of corpus callosum and ant. comissure.
88
what comprises the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle?
columns of fornix
lamina rostralis
anterior comissure
lamina terminalis
89
posterior wall of 3rd ventricle?
```
anterior opening of cerebral aquaduct
posterior comissure
pineal recess
habenular comissure
(suprapineal recess?)
```
90
floor of 4th ventricle?`
rhomboid fossa
91
what is the lateral opening of 4th ventricle?
foramen Luschka / lateral aperture
92
what is the opening in the roof of the 4th ventricle?
inferior opening of cerebral aquaduct
93
what is the boundary between pontine part and medulary part of the rhomboid fossa?
medullary striae
94
where is the medial eminence?
in the pontine part of the rhomboid fossa [which forms the floor of the 4th ventricle], between the median sulcus and limiting sulcus.
95
where is the facial collicle
in the lower part of the medial eminence, below it is the abduscent nucleus + internal genu of facial nerve.
96
where is the locus caeroleus and what is its function?
it is located lateral to the limiting sulcus in the rhomboid fossa, producing the epinephrin.
97
which 2 trigons are there in the medullary part of the rhomboid fossa?
1. hypoglossal trigone
| 2. vagal trigone [ala sinerea]
98
where is the vomiting center and what is its name?
area postrema, located inferiorly to the 2 rigones.
| its an area with no BBB.
99
what is there in the ponto-medullary junction?
vestibular area+ abducent nerve
100
what is thr roof of the 4th ventricle?
choroid tella, covers medullary part of the rhomboid fossa.
101
what is the flower basked of BOCHDALEK?
it is choroid plexus protrudes outwards from the foramen Luschka. (to lateral pontine cistern)
102
what is the name of the convulations on the cerebellum, instead of gyri?
Folia \ Folium
103
what is the part of the cerebellum which is firmly attached to the superior medullary velum?
lingula of cerebellum.
104
what comprises the roof of the 4th ventricle?
```
superior medullary velum
fastigium
inferior medullary velum
nodule of vermis
choroid tella+plexus of 4th ventricle
```
105
what forms the lateral wall of 4th ventricle?
cerebellar peduncules. [sup. mid. inf.]
106
where is the red nuclei located?
in the tegmentum at the level of superior collicle of the midbrain.
107
what is located in the ventral part of the tegmentum?
substancia negra [dopamine]
108
what are the parts of the corpus callosum?
rostrum > genu > body > splenium
109
what is the fissure between the 2 hemispheres which is located above and also below the c.c ?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
110
which 2 arteries are on the lower part of longitudinal cerebral fissure?
anterior cerebral arteries, which give pericallosal aa.
111
putamen and caudate nucleus together are called..
striatum.
112
what is the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen + Globus pallidus
113
what are the 3 types of fiber in the white matter of the hemispheres?
1. comissural fibers [mainly on c.c]
2. association fibers [connection bw 2 points on a hemisphere.
3. projection fibers [ ascending\descending tracts]
114
what are the main fibers in the externaland extreme capsule?
association fibers.
115
what is the name of the gyrus at the lower part of the longitudinal cerebral fissure?
straight gyrus
116
whats the sulcus laterally to the straight gyrus?
olfactory sulcus [with tract, bulb..]
117
what does the anterior cerebral artery supplies?
medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes,
| and small part of the convexity of the brain
118
posterior cerebral a. supplies?
occipital lobe
119
what are the vessles on the surface of the insula?
middle cerebral a. [descending + ascending branches]
120
where does the middle deep cerebral vein drains to?
basal [Rosenthal] vein --> to Galen vein.
121
what is the structure at the upper part of lateral wall of 3rd ventricle?
thalamus
122
superior anastamotic vein [TROLARD] goes to?
it is a connection between superficial middle cerebral vein to superior sagittal sinus
123
Inferior anastamotic vein [Labbe] goes to?
between superficial middle cerebral vein to transverse sinus
124
what is the anterior wall of the inferior horn?
amigdaloyid body or hippocampus
125
which comissure can we find above the cerebral aquaduct?
posterior comissure.
126
what is the cistern lateral to the midbrain?
```
ambient cistern, with:
posterior cerebral a.
superior cerebellar a.
CSF
Basal vein
```
127
ambient cistern connects which 2 structures?
cistern of great cerebral vein and interpeduncular cistern.
128
which cistern can be found between the splenium of C.C and the midbrain?
cistern of great cerebral vein [quadrigeminal cistern]
129
contents of ambient cistern?
```
trochlear n.
CSF
basal vein
superior cerebellar a.
posterior cerebral a.
```
130
what is the name of the gyrus medially to collateral sulcus?
para-hippocampal gyrus.
131
what is the name of the gyrus lateral to the colateral sulcus?
medial occipito-temporal gyrus.
132
what is the roof of the inferior horn?
tale of caudate nucleus
stria terminalis
lateral geniculate body
[latero-medially]
133
what is the cranial nerve in the ambient cistern?
trichlear n.
134
what is the floor of the posterior horn?
collateral trigone , from collateral sulcus
135
what is the posteromedial wall of posterior horn?
calcar avis- formed by the calcarine sulcus.
136
which cistern is above the tectum of the midbrain? [below splenium of c.c]
cistern of great cerebral vein.
137
what are the gyri of the cerebellum?
foliae.
138
in the white matter of the cerebellum, which is the most prominent nucleus?
dentate nucleus.
139
what other nucleus does the cerebellum have?
dentate
emboliform
globus
fastigial [nearest the midline]
140
what is the unpaired part of the cerebellum?
vermis.
141
which cranial nerves are located on the meningeal layer of the dura at the cavernous sinus [lateral wall]?
III - occulomotor
IV - trochlear
V/1 - opthalmic
V/2- maxillary
*also ICA, C.N VI through the central part of the sinus.
142
what is the dural septa above the hypophyseal fossa?
diaphragma sellae
143
what is the structure piercing the diaphragma sellae?
hypophyseal stalk
144
what are the main parts of the cerebellum?
1. archicerebellum / vestibulocerebellum
2. paleocerebellum / spinocerebellum
3. neocerebellum / cerebrocerebellum [cortico]
145
main parts of the archicerebellum / vestibulocerebellum
- -> flocculo-nodular lobule (nodule + floccus)
- ->lingula of vermis [worm shape structure]
- -> fastigial nucleus
146
main parts of the paleo-cerebellum?
- -> main part of vermis
- ->ant. lobe of cerebellar hemisphere
- -> medial parts of hemispheres
- ->cerebellar tonsils
- ->Globus nucleus
- ->Emboliform nucleus
147
main parts of neo-cerebellum?
*also cerebro-cerebellum / cortico-cerebellum
- ->posterior lobes of hemispheres
| - ->Dentate nucleus
148
which fissure is important on the cerebellum?
Primary fissure.
its on the posterior surface of the hemispheres -
between the anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
149
the cerebellum is connected to the brain stem by?
3 cerebellar peduncles.
150
superior cerebellar peduncle connects.. and what is the other name?
the cerebellum with mid-brain [brachium conjuctivum]
151
middle cerebellar peduncule connects..
brachium pontis, connects between pons and cerebellum.
152
inferior cerebellar peduncle connects.. and what is the other name?
Restiform body
153
what is the Teniae?
these are free margins of different structures used for the attachment of choroid tella.
154
what is the lining of the ventricles in general made of glial cells?
Ependyma
155
what is the teniae talami?
free margin of stria medullaris thalami,
| between 2 thalami we have lamina choroidea epi.
156
what is the teniae of the 3rd ventricle?
teniae thalami
157
what is the free edge of the lamina affixa?
teniae choroidea.
158
which 2 teniae connects the lamina choroidea epithelialis on the central part?
teniae fornicis + taniae choroidea
159
which teniae can be found in the inferior horn of lateral ventricle?
teniae terminalis [of stria terminalis]
teniae fimbriae [at the fimbria of fornix]
*the lamina choroidea epithelialis will be anchord to these 2 teniae
160
where does the flower basket of Bochdalek opens to?
Lateral pontine cistern, through the foramen Luschka
161
what is the name of the structure which is the roof of the 4th ventricle?
superior medullary vellum.
162
which 2 cranial nerves can be found in the lateral pontine cistern?
CN - VII [facial] + intermediate
CN - VIII [vestibulocochlear]
CN - V
163
what is the stria medial to the caudate nucleus?
stria terminalis.
164
which vein passes in the stria terminalis?
thalamo-striate vein
165
whats the medial border of the lamina affixa?
teniae choroidea
166
what is the stria along the superomedial margin of the thalamus?
stria medullaris thalami
167
whats the margin of the stria medullaris thalami?
tenia thalami
168
whats the teania of the 3rd ventricle?
tenia thalami
169
whats the lateral tenia of the central part of lat. ventricle?
teniae choroidea
170
whats the medial tenia of the central part of lat. ventricle?
tenia fornicis
171
whats the inferior tenia of the inferior horn?
tenia fimbriae
172
whats the superior tenia of the inferior horn?
tenia terminalis.
173
between which 2 tenia is the choroid tella of the inferior horn?
tenia fimbriae + tenia terminalis.
174
what is the tenia of the 4th ventricle?
teniae of the 4th ventricle. [above the obex]
175
which cerebellar nuclei are located nearest the midline?
fastigial nucleus
176
what is the lateral wall of the 4th ventricle?
cerebellar peduncule
177
what is the nucleus located lateral to the sulcus limitans?
locus ceroleus [blue spot]
| --> mainly norepinephrin
178
where can i find the vestibular area?
partly in the pons, partly in the medulla, at the rhomboid fossa.
179
how many nuclei are there below the vestibular are?
4 vestibular nuclei
| 2 cochlear nuclei
180
what is the lowermost part of the 4th ventricle?
obex, which leaves through central canal
181
which 2 tubercles are there below the obex, formed from nuclei?
gracile tubercle
| cuneate tubercle
182
striatum + globus pallidus = ?
striated body.
183
caudate nucleus + putamen = ?
striatum.
184
putamen + globus palidus = ?
lantiform nucleus.
185
which 2 structures morphologically do not belong to basal ganglia, but functionally does?
1. subthalamic nucleus
| 2. substancia nigra
186
which structure belongs to basal ganglia morphologically but not functionally?
claustrum
187
which 2 structures belong to the ventral striatum?
1. accumbence nucleus [REWARD center]
| 2. olfactory tubercle
188
which structure belongs to the dorsal striatum?
the striatum [ caudate nucleus + putamen ]
189
which structure belongs to the ventral palidum?
Basal nucleus of Meynert. [Ach]
190
which structure belings to the dorsal palidum?
globus palidus
191
describe the Papez ring
| [neural circuit of limbic system]
Ammons horn --> fornix + post comissural fornix --> mamillary body --> mamillothalamic tract -->ant. thalamic nuclei -->cingulum -->antorhinal cortex-->perforant tract-->dentate gyrus --> Ammon's horn, by mossi fibers
192
what comprises the hippocampus?
1. Ammon's horn
2. dentate gyrus
3. subicular area [medial part of parahippocampal gyrus]
193
what is the connection between 2 adjacent gyri?
short arcuate fibers
194
what is the connection between 2 far gyri?
long arcuate fibers
195
what fiber connects the occipital cortex and the frontal cortex?
superior longitudonal fasicle.
196
what fiber connects the occipital cortex and the temporal cortex?
inferior longitudonal fasicle.
197
what fiber connects between anterior cortex of temporal lobe and anterior cortex of frontal lobe?
uncinate fasicle
198
which fasicle is connecting between sensory speech center and motor speech center
arcuate fasicle.
199
which other fibers are association pathways?
fornix
cingulum
*the fasicles belong to white matter.
200
contents of the nervous part of jugular foramen?
CN 9,10,11
201
contents of the venous part of jugular foramen?
posterior meningeal a. ? , internal jugular vein
202
blood supply of spinal cord?
1. vertebral / spinal branches of vertebral a.
2. posterior intercostal a.
3. lumbar a
4. segmental branches will reach the intervertebral foramen and will give posterior+anterior radicular branches
5. cervical
6. lateral sacral
*posterior radicular a. also called Adamskiewics a. between 9-12 ribs.
203
parts of epithalamus?
```
pineal gland
medullary thalamic striae
posterior comissure
habenular trigone..
להוסיף!
```
204
connection between inf. sagittal sinus and confluence sinus?
straight sinus
205
contents of foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal a.
| meningeal branch of mandibular n.
206
contents of median pontine cistern?
Abducent n., CSF, Basilar a.
207
brain exit of 1st CN?
olfactory bulb.
208
dural exit of 2nd cranial n.?
posterior pole of the eyeball.
209
parts of the willis circle?
ant. communicating a.
ant. cerebral a.
post.communicating a.
post. cerebral a.
ICA
210
roof of posterior horn.
radiation of splenium of C.C
optic radiation
[forceps major]
211
what are the mesencephalic branches?
arteries found on the posterior perforated substance, supply ventral part of the midbrain
[from posterior cerebral a.]
