Nervous system and Hormones

Question 1

What is the difference between the nervous and hormonal systems?

Answer 1

The nervous system sends messages quickly in the form of electrical impulses.
The hormonal system sends information in the form of chemicals in the blood to organs and this is much slower.

Question 2

What is a stimulus?

Answer 2

a response our body makes because of a change in the environment

Question 3

What is a receptor?

Answer 3

A structure which can detect a stimulus e.g. skin

Question 4

Give 2 examples of effectors

Answer 4

Muscles and glands

Question 5

What is an effector?

Answer 5

Responds to a stimulus

Question 6

What is a neurone?

Answer 6

A single nerve cell

Question 7

What is the pathway in which an electrical impulse travels through the nervous system?

Answer 7

stimulus –> receptor –> sensory neurone –> CNS –> Motor neurone –>Effector

Question 8

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Answer 8

Brain and spinal cord

Question 9

Which part of the eye: is the protective outer coating?

Answer 9

Conjunctiva

Question 10

Which part of the eye: refracts light onto the retina?

Answer 10

Lens

Question 11

Which part of the eye: contains the light sensitive cells?

Answer 11

Retina

Question 12

Which part of the eye: contains neurones that carry electrical impulses to the brain?

Answer 12

Optic nerve

Question 13

Which part of the eye: helps to maintain the shape of the eye and keeps the retina against the wall of the eye

Answer 13

Vitreous humour

Question 14

Which part of the eye: allows light to enter and most refraction of light occurs here?

Answer 14

Cornea

Question 15

Which part of the eye: controls how much light enters?

Answer 15

Iris

Question 16

What is accommodation?

Answer 16

When the lens changes shape to focus light onto the retina

Question 16

Explain what happens in the eye when looking at a distant object

Answer 16

Ciliary muscles are relaxed, suspensory ligaments are taut and the lens is thinner

Question 17

Explain what happens in the eye when looking at a near object

Answer 17

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments are slack and the lens is thicker

Question 18

What is an adaptation of the axon in a neurone?

Answer 18

They are 1m long so that electrical impulses can be transmitted from the CNA to the extremities by one cell quickly

Question 19

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Answer 19

It speeds up electrical impulses

Question 20

What is the function of the branches ends?

Answer 20

Allows the neurone to make junctions with other neurones

Question 21

What is the junction between 2 neurones called?

Answer 21

Synapse

Question 22

Explain what happens at a synapse

Answer 22

An electrical impulse travels down the neurone towards the end of the axon.
Vesicles contains transmitter substance move towards the gap.
The transmitter diffuses across the gap and attached to the receptors.
If enough the to the receptor then it triggers an electrical impulse In the next neurone

Question 23

What is a voluntary action?

Answer 23

Involves conscious thought i.e. involves the brain

Question 24

What is a reflex action?

Answer 24

This response does not involve conscious thought and so the information bypasses the brain. These reactions are much faster and protects the body from danger.

Question 25

What is homeostasis?

Answer 25

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

Question 26

What are hormones produced by?

Answer 26

Glands

Question 27

What hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

Answer 27

Insulin

Question 28

What does insulin cause the liver to do in order to reduce blood glucose levels?

Answer 28

The liver converts glucose into glycogen. Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals

Question 29

What do muscles do with excess glucose?

Answer 29

Use it in respiration

Question 30

What is negative feedback?

Answer 30

Is a homeostatic mechanism where the body detects a change and returns it to the normal level (set point)

Question 31

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

The pancreas doesn't produce insulin

Question 32

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 32

Thirst, weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination

Question 33

What are the long term effects of diabetes if blood sugar levels are not managed?

Answer 33

Eye damage, heart disease, strokes and kidney damage

Question 34

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

Answer 34

Insulin injections

Question 35

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 35

Insulin is produced by the body has become resistant to it so it no longer works effectively

Question 36

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 36

Poor diet, obesity and lack of exercise

Question 37

What are the 2 functions of the kidney?

Answer 37

Controls water levels (osmoregulation) and removes waste (excretion)

Question 38

How does the body gain water?

Answer 38

Drinking, eating and cells respiring

Question 39

How does the body lose water?

Answer 39

Urine, sweat, breathing and faeces

Question 40

What hormone controls water levels in the body?

Answer 40

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

Question 41

What does an increase of ADH hormone do to the kidney?

Answer 41

Signals to the kidney to reabsorb more water back into the blood. This causes a larger volume of dilute urine to be produce.

Question 42

What causes an increase in ADH production?

Answer 42

Sweating or exercising

Question 43

What causes a decrease in ADH production?

Answer 43

Drinking water

Question 44

What is phototropism?

Answer 44

Is the response of a plant to light

Question 45

Where is the hormone auxin produced?

Answer 45

Shoot tip

Question 46

What is the function of auxin?

Answer 46

It causes cell elongation