Nervous System and Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
home/o
A
sameness
2
Q
-stasis
A
controlling
3
Q
physi/o
A
nature
4
Q
afferent
A
signals to brain
5
Q
efferent
A
signals from brain to muscles and glands (cause effects)
6
Q
somatic NS
A
under conscious control
7
Q
autonomic NS
A
involuntary or automatic body function
8
Q
two divisions of autonomic NS
A
sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - real; return to normal
9
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
10
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
connects CNS with muscles, glands, and receptors
11
Q
two types of cells of nervous system
A
neurons: conduct impulses to or from nervous system
neuroglial (glial): supporting tissue cells of the NS; provide support and protection
12
Q
cytoplasmic projections
A
single axon and several dendrites project away from cell body of neuron
13
Q
dendrites
A
transmit impulses to cell body
14
Q
axons
A
carry impulses away from cell body; if destroyed cannot replace themselves
15
Q
myelin sheath
A
while fatty covering of axons; make impulses travel faster
16
Q
neurilemma
A
outermost layer of axon
17
Q
neuroglia (glia)
A
supporting tissue cells of nervous system; can replace themselves if destroyed
18
Q
aut/o
A
self
19
Q
cerebell/o
A
cerebellum
20
Q
cerebr/o
A
brain
21
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
22
Q
cervic/o
A
neck (also cervix uteri)
23
Q
coccyg/o
A
coccyx (tailbone)
24
Q
crani/o
A
cranium (skull)
25
dendr/o
tree
26
dur/o
dura mater
27
gli/o
neuroglia or sticky substance
28
lumb/o
lower back
29
maning/o
meninges
30
ment/o
mind
31
psych/o
mind
32
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
33
nerv/o
nerve
34
neur/o
nerve
35
phren/o
mind or diaphragm
36
physi/o
nature
37
sacr/o
sacrum
38
spin/o
spine
39
thorac/o
thorax (chest)
40
ventricul/o
ventricle
41
cranium
skull
42
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid that protects CNS; produced by ventricles and 3 membranes (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
43
brain meninges
protective coverings of brain (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
44
major structures of brain
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
45
cerebrum
main part of brain; cut by longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres
46
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
47
hypothalamus
located beneath thalamus; communicates directly with pituitary gland
48
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (connects cerebrum with spinal cord)
49
cerebral cortex
convoluted layer of grey matter on cerebrum
50
lobes of brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
51
spinal nerves
31 pairs: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
52
sciatic nerve
two nerves bound together; largest nerve in body (neuralgia along the course of this nerve is called sciatica)
53
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording and analysis of electrical activity of the brain
| - record: electroencephalogram
54
techniques to assess structural changes of the brain and spinal cord
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
```
computed tomography (CT)
- especially helpful to diagnose brain tumors and head injuries
```
scans using radioisotopes
55
three types of cerebral hematomas
epidural hematoma: blood outside dura mater
subdural hematoma: blood beneath dura mater
intracerebral hematoma: bleeding within brain
56
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
normal blood supply to brain is disrupted (stroke)
| - cause paralysis, weakness, speech defect, etc.
57
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
brief interruption in cerebral blood flow (not permanent)
| - causes disturbance of vision, dizziness, weakness, and numbness
58
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in skull; caused by interference with CSF flow (such as with brain tumors)
59
cerebral aneurysm
localized dilation of wall of cerebral artery
60
akinesia
complete or partial loss of muscle movement
61
anesthesia
complete or partial loss of sensation with our without loss of consciousness; results from disease, injury, or administration of anesthetic
62
aphagia
inability or refusal to swallow (painful)
63
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness in movment
64
cephalalgia
headache (cephalgia)
65
cerebral concussion
loss of consciousness (temp or prolonged) from blow to head
66
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue resulting rom blow to head
67
cerebral hemorrhage
results from rupture of vessels in head
68
cerebral palsy
brain disorder characterized by paralysis and lack of muscle coordination; results from developmental defects in brain or trauma at birth
69
coma
state of unconsciousness from which patient cannot be aroused
70
diplegia
paralysis effecting like parts on both sides of body
71
dyslexia
inability to read, spell, or write words despite ability to see and recognize letters
72
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing associated with obstruction or disorder of esophagus
73
dysphasia
speech impairment caused by lesion in brain
74
encephalomalacia
softening of brain
75
encephalomeningitis
inflammation of brain and meninges
76
encephalopathy
any disease of the brain
77
epilepsy
group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness
78
hemiplegia
paralysis of half of the body
79
paraplegia
paralysis of lower half of body
80
quadriplegia
paralysis of extremities (all 4)
| - also called tetraplegia
81
multiple sclerosis
chronic CNS disorder with progressive distraction of the myelin sheaths of neurons; scar tissue interferes with normal transmission of impulses
82
myasthenia gravis
disease characterized by muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue
83
myelitis
inflammation of bone marrow or spinal cord
| - myel/0 - bone marrow or spinal cord
84
narcolepsy
chronic ailment involving sudden attacks of sleep that occur at intervals
- narc/o = sleep
85
neuralgia
pain along course of a nerve
86
neuropathy
disease of the nerves
87
Parkinson disease
chronic NS disease characterized by fine, slowly spreading tremor, muscular weakness, rigidity, and peculiar gate
88
shingles
acute, infectious eruption of vesicles, usually on trunk of body along peripheral nerves
- herpes zoster
89
psychosomatic
pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having physical symptoms of emotional origin
90
arachn/o
spider
91
claustr/o
barrier or closed space
92
pseud/o
false
93
zo/o
animal
94
agora-
open marketplace
95
-asthenia
weakness
96
-esthesia
sensation, perception
97
-lexia
words, phrases
98
-orexia
appetite
99
metal retardation
disorder characterized by subaverage intelligence with deficits in ability to learn and adapt socially
100
dementia
progressive mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, etc.
101
Alzheimer disease
progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, speech disturbance, and inability to carry out purposeful movement
102
autism
withdrawal and impaired development in social interaction and communication
103
attention deficit disorder (ADD)
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by short attention span, poor concentration, and hyperactivity (ADHD)
104
hyperkinesia
hyperactivity
105
neurosis
former name for category of mental disorders in which symptoms are distressing to patient, reality testing is intact, behavior does not violate gross social norms, and there is no apparent organic cause
106
anxiety disorders
characterized by anticipation of impending danger and dread
107
psychobiological response
involves both mind and body
108
posttraumatic stress disorder
acute emotional response after traumatic event or situation involving severe environmental stress
109
panic attack
episode of acute anxiety that occurs unpredictably, accompanied by dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, trembling, chest pain
110
dissociative disorder
results from repressed emotional conflicts that separation or split personality occurs, resulting in altered state of consciousness or confusion of identity
111
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, feelings, or compulsions severe enough to cause distress, consume considerable time, poor interfere with life
112
obsession
persistent thought or idea that occupies the mind and cannot be erased by logic
113
compulsion
irresistible, repetitive impulse to act contrary to one's ordinary standards
114
phobias
obsessive, irrational, and intense fears of an object, activity, or physical situation
115
agoraphobia
fear of public places
116
zoophobia
abnormal fear of animals
117
phobophobia
fear of acquiring a phobia
118
arachnophobia
fear of spiders
119
acrophobia
irrational fear of heights
acro - extremity (heights)
120
claustrophobia
morbid fear of closed spaces
121
pyrophobia
fear of fire
122
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in wasting and body image issues
123
bulimia
insatiable desire for food, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating followed by purging
124
mood disorder
variety of conditions characterized by a disturbance in mood as main feature (ex. depression, mania, bipolar disorder)
125
clinical depression
abnormal emotional state characterized by sadness, despair, etc.
126
mania
unstable emotional state that includes excessive excitement, elation, ideas, and psychomotor activities
127
megalomania
abnormal mental state where one believes oneself to be a person of great importance
128
bipolar disorder
major mental disorder characterized by manic episodes, major depressive episodes, and mixed moods
129
kleptomania
abnormal urge to steal
130
paraphilia
sexual perversion or deviation where sexual instincts are expressed in ways that are biologically undesirable, socially prohibited, etc.
131
somatoform disorders
group of disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting illness or disease for which there are no demonstrable organic causes or physiologic dysfunction
132
hypochondriasis (hypochondria)
abnormal concern about the health of the body
133
neurasthenia
nervous disorder characterized by weakness and nervous exhaustion; associated with depression
134
psychosomatic disorders
emotional states that influence the physical body's functioning
135
pseudomania
false or pretended mental disorder
136
pseudoplegia
loss of muscle power without real paralysis
137
psychosis
major mental disorder characterized by a gross impairment in reality testing in which individual incorrectly evaluates accuracy of thoughts
138
schizophrenia
gross distortion of reality, hallucinations, disturbance of language and communication
139
antisocial behavior
acting against rights of others
140
paranoia
persistent delusions pof persecution, mistrust, and combativeness
141
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
method of pain control by application of electrical impulses to nerve endings
142
stereotactic radiosurgery
closed-skull destruction of a target (e.g. tumor) using ionizing radiation
143
analgesics
agents that receive pain without causing loss of consciousness
144
hypnotics
drugs used as sedatives to produce a calming effect
145
anticonvulsants
drugs used to treat convulsions
146
antipyretics
drugs used to reduce fever
