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Biology 263- MCC > Nervous System- Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Nervous System- Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain vesicle associated with the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

Brain vesicle associated with thalamus & hypothalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Brain vesicle associated with the midbrain of the brain stem & cerebral aqueduct

A

Mesencephalon

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4
Q

Brain vesicle associated with pons, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle

A

Metencephalon

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5
Q

Brain vesicle associated with medulla oblongata and 4th ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

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6
Q

This connects the lateral & third ventricles

A

Interventricular foramen

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7
Q

Structure connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

Location of cerebrum gray & white matter

A

Gray matter is superficial; white matter is deep with interspersed brain nuclei

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9
Q

This fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

This fissure separate the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

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11
Q

Each hemisphere in the cerebrum has _____ concern.

A

Contralateral

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12
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Motor, sensory, and association areas

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13
Q

Large neurons in the cerebral cortex that allow conscious control of skeletal muscle

A

Pyramidal cells

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14
Q

Function of the premotor cortex

A

Help plan movements & coordinate movement of several muscle groups (typing, playing an instrument)

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15
Q

Broca’s area function

A

Motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production (only in one hemisphere)

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16
Q

Frontal eye field location & function

A

Part of cerebrum- anterior to premotor cortex; control voluntary eye movement

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17
Q

This posterior part of the cerebrum receives general sensory info and lets us be aware of the sensations on the body.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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18
Q

Integrates and processes info from the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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19
Q

This receives visual info from the retina

A

Primary visual cortex

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20
Q

Allows for visual recognition (sharp, long, hairy…)

A

Visual association area

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21
Q

The primary _____ cortex receives sound info and relays it to the auditory association area.

A

Auditory

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22
Q

The area processes sounds using memory to recognize and interpret sounds.

A

Auditory association area

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23
Q

Receives and processes smell

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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24
Q

Important in taste; located in insula

A

Gustatory cortex

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25
Equilibrium is partially controlled here.
Vestibular cortex (in insula)
26
This area is where our personality, intellect, reasoning is located.
Anterior association area aka prefrontal cortex
27
We receive sensory input and combine it into a coherent whole, which allows for spatial and pattern recognition.
Posterior assoc area
28
This part of the posterior association area is where understanding of written and spoken language occurs
Wernicke's area
29
This area is where emotion and memory is stored
Limbic assoc area
30
These fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Association fibers
31
These fibers cross between hemispheres
Commissural fibers (corpus callosum)
32
These fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the lower area of the brain
Projection fibers
33
These clusters of coronal gray matter within white matter help in stop/start movement
Basal nuclei
34
The diencephalon is made up of these 3 structuers
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
35
This structure is important in acting as a relay station for sensory info arriving from sensory fibers; it passes that info on to the cerebral cortex via projection fibers.
Thalamus
36
This structure acts as an ANS control center and helps maintain homeostasis (heart rate, blood pressure, body temp).
Hypothalamus
37
This stalk extends from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Infundibulum
38
The optic nerves cross here.
optic chiasma
39
This structure acts as a relay station for olfactory senses.
Mammillary body
40
The brain stem consists of these three structures.
Midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
41
This part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin for sleep regulation.
epithalamus
42
The superior cerebellar ______ connect the midbrain to the cerebellum and help direct complex motor patterns.
peduncles
43
The superior colliculi of the ___________ initiate a reflex response to visual stimuli.
corpora quadrigemina
44
The inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina initiate a reflex response to _______ stimuli.
auditory
45
The periaqueductal gray matter is important in _____/_____ response.
fight/flight
46
This system is important in keeping the cerebral cortex alert.
reticular activating system
47
This melanin containing structure in the midbrain inhibits the basal nuclear complex (which in turn regulates motor function)
Substantia nigra
48
This iron rich area in the midbrain is important in limb flexion and tone.
Red nuclei
49
This structure consists of deep projection fibers that run longitudinally between higher brain centers and the spinal cord and superficial fibers that run transversely and connect the structure to the cerebellum.
Pons
50
The decussation of pyramids occur in the structure, which is an autonomic reflex center.
Medulla oblongata
51
The cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata helps regulate_______ and ________ contraction.
Cardiac (rate and force) and vasomotor (blood vessels)
52
The respiratory center is located in the:
Medulla oblongata
53
This structure contains 3 highly folded lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular.
Cerebellum
54
This structure's main function is to subconsciously provide precise timing and patterns for coordinated movement of skeletal muscles.
Cerebellum
55
The white matter in the cerebellum that is shaped like a tree is called the________. The gray matter on the outside of this branching is called folia.
arbor vitae
56
This system is involved in emotion, memory, and ANS control of visceral organs.
Limbic system
57
Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in fear and aggression.
Amygdala
58
Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in the expression of emotion via body language.
Cingulate gyrus
59
Part of the limbic system, the_______ are involved in pleasure/reward pathway.
Septal nuclei
60
Part of the limbic system, the_______ are involved in the relay of olfactory & recollective memory.
Mammillary bodies
61
Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in physical responses to emotions (i.e blood pressure and heart rate)
Hypothalamus
62
The white matter tracts of the limbic system that run from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and thalamus is called________.
Fornix
63
These white matter tracts connect the two hemispheres. It is considered part of the limbic system.
Corpus callosum
64
This systems receives ascending sensory input, relays it through the thalamus, which filters the info and sends the most important on to the cerebrum.
Reticular activating system
65
The reticular activating system is important in keeping the_______ aroused and alert.
Cerebrum
66
These carry impulses from the reticular nuclei to the spinal cord which help regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity.
Descending projections
67
What is one of the primary functions of basal nuclei?
prevent or inhibit unwanted muscle contractions (damage leads to tremors)
68
In which type of hematoma is the dura peeled off the skull?
epidural hematoma | hematoma is superficial to dura mater
69
Which type of hematoma is slower-growing? Why?
Subdural hematoma (dura still attached to skull), because bleeding is from a vein, which is a lower-pressure structure than an artery
70
What is the "classic triad" of meningitis symptoms
Headache Fever Nuchal rigidity
71
What term means inflammation of the brain?
encephalitis
72
What is one way subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhages (type of TBI) can be fatal?
pressure from blood can become so great that it can force the brain stem through the foramen magnum
73
What's the main difference between a concussion and a contusion?
Duration; concussions temporarily alter function and contusions are permanent damage
74
What is the clinical term for stroke?
ischemia
75
What are some of the signs of stroke?
``` BE FAST Balance loss Eyesight changes Face drooping Arm weakness Slurred speech Time to call 9-1-1 ```
76
Alzheimer's Disease
proteins misfold, malfunction, form plaques or tangles | progressive degeneration, brain itself shrinks, low brain activity
77
Parkinson's Disease
degeneration of dopamine-released neurons in substantia nigra, overactive basal nuclei w/o dopamine, motor tremors
78
Huntington's Disease
accumulation of huntingtin protein in cells, degeneration of basal nuclei in cerebral cortex, jerky movements, quick-onset dementia
79
nerves servicing arms arise from the ____
cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
80
nerves servicing the legs arise from the ___
lumbar enlargement (of the spinal cord)
81
Does sensory input travel to the dorsal or ventral horns of the spinal cord?
dorsal
82
Which motor neurons are destroyed in someone with polio?
lower motor neurons (ventral horn)
83
What is the function of dorsal white column tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?
origin: spinal cord (dorsal horn), termination: somatosensory cortex, function: discriminative touch and conscious proprioception
84
What is the function of spinothalamic tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?
origin: spinal cord (dorsal horn), termination: somatosensory cortex (via thalamus), function: crude touch, pain, temp, pressure
85
What is the function of corticospinal tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?
motor pathway, origin: motor cortex, termination: spinal cord (ventral horn), function: voluntary motor movements
86
spinal cord damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts leads to
paresthesia (loss of sensory function)
87
spinal cord damage to ventral roots or ventral horn (lower motor neurons) leads to
flaccid paralysis
88
spinal cord damage to upper motor neurons leads to
spastic paralysis
89
Where is the damage that leads to quadriplegia?
cervical spine (above T1)
90
Where is the damage that leads to paraplegia?
T1-L1
91
What makes ALS different from polio?
Its cause is not well understood, maybe a combination of genetic and environmental factors (cause of polio is understood)

Biology 263- MCC (10 decks)

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