Nervous System Diseases Flashcards
(40 cards)
What’s the most important step to undertaking a neurological examination?
Distance observation
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Disruption of the sympathetic innervation to the eye usually from a history of perivascular jugular vein injection history.
What are two reflexes you can use to assess sensory perception of the neck?
Cervical reflex (cutaneous coli muscle C6) Cervicofacial reflex (twitching facial muscle C2)
What is the most common nerve abnormality?
Radial nerve paralysis
How would you clinically evaluate gait?
Straight line, circle, backing, curb, hill.
Look for muscle weakness, ataxia and muscle tone.
How would you differentiate an UMN and LMN issue?
UMN - spastic paralysis, stiff, exaggerated. For regulating force, range and direction.
LMN - flaccid paralysis, dragging, knuckling. Do the static sway test!
What is some clinical evidence of ataxia?
Change in stride frequency, stride length, wide base stance, bouncing, swaying of limbs, lack of hock flexion.
What are the 5 proprioceptive tests?
Tight circling test Tail pull test Backing Head elevation Curb & hill test
What are the goals of a neurological exam?
Establish that neuro problem exists.
Localise the problem.
What do the LMN and UMN do in bladder control?
LMN - emptying
UMN - storage
List diagnostic tests of neurological system.
Serology/PCR
Radiography
CSF collection
Biopsy
What are the reference intervals for CSF?
Less 0.8g/L protein Less 5 WBC / uL NO RBC 60-80% glucose Negative gram stam, culture & antigen
Describe cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy.
Like the condition in Dobermans.
Get spinal cord compression & vertebral instability.
Either dynamic (stenosis with flexion, C3-C4) or static (always stenotic, C6-C7). Dynamic is from malformation and static is from osteoarthritis.
Diagnose via radiography or myelography or intervertebral sagittal ratio see subluxation, extension arch, physeal enlargement, ossification, DJD.
How would you treat cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy?
Dorsal laminectomy, Baskets, Conservative treatment.
You find a bony proliferation on the temporohyoid joint leading to fusion of joint. What do you suspect?
Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
What is the aetiology and clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
Causes- haematogenous ear infection, non-septic degenerative arthrosis, pathologic fracture
Clinical signs - head shaking, behaviour issues, difficult chewing
How would you diagnose and treat temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?
Diagnose via endoscopy, radiography.
Treat with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and surgery.
What are the major bacteria causing neurological disease?
Streptococcus sp.
E Coli
Rhodococcus
Klebsiella
What are some drugs that are good at penetrating the blood brain barrier?
Chloramphenicol
TMS
Metronidazole
Cefotaxime
What does botulism cause?
Clostridium botulinum.
Neurotoxin causes flaccid paralysis (bilateral).
What are the clinical findings of botulism and what is your choice of treatment?
From ingesting toxin, wound infection or grass sickness
Normal mentation & pain, progressive flaccid muscle paralysis.
Treat with antitoxin, antimicrobials and confine.
What does tetanus caused?
Spastic/rigidity from inhibit neurotransmitter release
How do you get tetanus and what are the clinical signs?
In soil and water enters via wounds.
Get rigid limbs, lockjaw, erect ears, trouble breathing.
How will you treat tetanus and prevent?
Treat with muscle relaxants (diazepam), antibiotics (penicillin) and antitoxin.
Prevent with tetanus toxoid vaccination.
