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CNM Nutrition 2 S1 > Nervous System Health > Flashcards

Nervous System Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuronal cell?

A

Nerve cell – a neuron is the functional part of the nervous system.

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2
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Relays impulses to the cell body - afferent (inwards).

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3
Q

What is a cell body and what does it do?

A

It contains a nucleus or nucleoli - they generate action potentials after each stimuli.

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4
Q

What does and axon do?

A

Relays nerve impulse away from the cell body to either another neuronal cell, or an effector cell (efferent/outwoods) e.g. skeletal and cardiac muscles. Contains myelinated fibres.

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5
Q

Where is an axon terminal and what is its function?

A

Ends at synapse where NT are stored and released via calcium dependent activation.

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6
Q

What does the CNS use as its primary fuel?

A

Glucose.

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7
Q

Nerve signals travel via _____ ______

A

Action potentials.

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8
Q

Sate 3 ways in which NT’s can be interfered with.

A
  1. Synthesis of NT.
  2. Storage.
  3. Release.
  4. Degradation.
  5. Changes in number of NT.
  6. Affinity of receptors.
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9
Q

Dietary levels of what amino acid can effect serotonin (5-HT) production?

A

Tryptophan.

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10
Q

What 3 things can inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. Cocaine.
  2. SSRI’s.
  3. TCA’s (tricyclic antidepressants).
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11
Q

State 3 conditions serotoninergic imbalances are linked to.

A
  1. Mood disorders.
  2. Anxiety.
  3. Panic disorder.
  4. OCD.
  5. PTSD.
  6. Autism.
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12
Q

Are serotonin (5-HT) levels influenced by genetics?

A

Yes. Functional polymorphisms of 5HT transporter genes have been associated with depression and autism.

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13
Q

Where is serotonin (5-HT) synthesised?

A

In the CNS and enterochromaffin cells in the GIT.

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14
Q

What is Serotonin Syndrome?

A

A potentially fatal complication of treatment with SSRI’s. It can result if too high levels of serotonin are produced either as a result of medications which or interactions such as St Johns Wort taken with SSRI’s.

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15
Q

State 3 early symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome.

A
  1. Muscle cramps.
  2. Tics.
  3. Stiffness.
  4. Waking feeling hungover.
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16
Q

State 3 late symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome.

A
  1. Confusion.
  2. Agitation.
  3. Restlessness.
  4. Shivering.
  5. Fever.
  6. Tachycardia.
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17
Q

State 3 nutrients which are essential for the conversion of tryptophan to 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan (5-HTP) via Tryptophan Hydroxylase.

A
  1. B3 (niacin).
  2. B9 (folate).
  3. Calcium.
  4. Iron.
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18
Q

State 3 nutrients which are essential for the conversion of 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan (5-HTP) to serotonin (5-HT) via Aromatic Acid Decarboxylase.

A
  1. B6 (pyridoxine).
  2. Vitamin C.
  3. Zinc.
  4. Magnesium.
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19
Q

Tryptophan is found in all meats, state 3 plant based sources of it.

A
  1. Bananas.
  2. Nuts.
  3. Seeds.
  4. Soybeans.
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20
Q

5-HTP has been used as a therapy for depression etc. State a common side effect of taking 5-HTP?

A

GIT symptoms - enteric-coated tablets are recommended to increase absorption and minimise gastrointestinal side effects (St. Johns Wort can also cause).

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21
Q

State 3 actions of St. John’s Wort/Hypericum perforatum.

A
  1. Anti-depressant.
  2. Nervine.
  3. Anti-microbial.
  4. Anti-viral.
  5. Wound healing effects.
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22
Q

List 3 things that St. John’s Wort/Hypericum perforatum inhibits.

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO).
  2. Release of interleukin 6 - substance related to depression as it modulates the release of cortisol.
  3. Reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.
  4. Enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase.
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23
Q

State 3 pharmacological actions of saffron.

A
  1. Anti-depressant.
  2. Anti-convulsant.
  3. Anti-Alzheimer’s.
  4. Anti-inflammatory.
  5. Anti-oxidant.
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24
Q

State 2 ways to raise serotonin in the brain by means other than diet and drugs.

A
  1. Positive thinking and outlook.
  2. Exposure to light.
  3. Exercising outdoors.
  4. Yoga and breathing.
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25
Q

GABA is the major inhibitory presynaptic neurotransmitter in the brain and retina. What is it made from and via which enzyme?

A

Glutamic acid.

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (which is pyridoxine dependent).

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26
Q

Excess Glutamate has been linked to neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as? State 3.

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease.
  2. MS.
  3. Epilepsy.
  4. Bipolar.
  5. Migraine.
  6. Schizophrenia.
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27
Q

State 3 signs and symptoms of a GABA deficiency.

A
  1. Anxiety.
  2. Alcohol craving.
  3. Seizures.
  4. Insomnia.
  5. Palpitations.
  6. Ringing in the ears.
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28
Q

What nutrient is essential in turning L-Glutamine into Glutamate via Glutaminase?

A

Magnesium.

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29
Q

What 3 nutrients are essential in turning Glutamate to GABA via Acylase Glutamate Decarboxylase?

A
  1. Vitamin C.
  2. Magnesium.
  3. Zinc.
  4. B6 (pyridoxine).
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30
Q

What are the 3 principal catecholamines?

A
  1. Noradrenalin.
  2. Adrenaline.
  3. Dopamine (a NT in the SNS).
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31
Q

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in what ‘side’ of the NS?

A

Sympathetic.

32
Q

Dopamine is a NT but also acts as what and how?

A

A hormone - released by hypothalamus to inhibit the

release of prolactin (milk hormone) by the pituitary.

33
Q

ADHD, schizophrenia, Tourette’s and autism has been linked to dysregulation of what NT?

A

Dopamine.

34
Q

State 3 things Dopamine controls.

A
  1. Learning.
  2. Curiosity.
  3. Reward-seeking behaviour.
  4. Emotion.
  5. Linked to addiction.
35
Q

Dopamine is synthesised from ______, with the rate

limiting enzyme ________ ________..

A

Tyrosine.

Tyrosine hydroxylase.

36
Q

State 2 symptoms dopamine depletion produces, which are both characteristic of Parkinsons disease.

A
  1. Rigidity.
  2. Tremors.
  3. Bradykinesia (slowness of movement).
37
Q

What is L-dopa?

A

A precursor to dopamine - drug used in the

treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It crosses the BBB and readily converts to dopamine in the brain cells.

38
Q

Why is B6 contraindicated to patients on L-dopa?

A

It converts it to Dopamine which does not cross

the BBB and therefore loses its effect.

39
Q

State 3 nutrients essential for the synthesis of dopamine?

A
  1. B1 (thiamine).
  2. B3 (niacin).
  3. B6 (pyridoxine).
  4. Iron.
40
Q

State the amino acid precurser of GABA.

A

Glutamine.

41
Q

Both ______and _____have a yinyang relationship in functioning.

A

Glutamate and GABA.

42
Q

_______ is a major excitatory NT of the CNS and plays a roll in learning and memory.

A

Glutamate (glutamic acid).

43
Q

What is GABA’s function? State 3.

A
  1. Sleep.
  2. Relaxation.
  3. Alpha State (state of wakeful relaxation).
44
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The constant repair and remodelling process that

happens in the brain over our lives.

45
Q

Several research studies have shown that neuroplasticity can be induced by what? State 3.

A
  1. Meditation.
  2. Exercise.
  3. Lowering cortisol.
  4. Motor rehabilitation.
46
Q

What 2 books are used for diagnosing mental health conditions on a behavioural basis?

A

DSM-V (America).

ICD11 (WHO/Europe).

47
Q

State 3 symptoms of depression.

A
  1. Low mood.
  2. Anhedonia (reduced ability to experience
    pleasure from natural rewards).
  3. Irritability.
  4. Difficulties in concentrating.
  5. Abnormalities in appetite and sleep.
48
Q

State 3 biological contributers to the development of depression.

A
  1. Genetic susceptibility.
  2. Neurologic illnesses.
  3. Exposure to certain pharmacologic agents and drugs (cocaine etc).
  4. Chronic pain.
  5. Damaging effect of cortisol.
49
Q

Studies suggest that people with depression show a disturbance in what 3 NT’s?

A
  1. Serotonin (tryptophan depletion).
  2. Norepinephrine.
  3. Dopamine.
50
Q

In depression, the hippocampus and
prefrontal cortex has been shown to be
smaller, what is a suggested reason for this?

A

The damage that cortisol causes to these parts of the brain. Depression is normally characterised with high cortisol levels.

51
Q

State 2 neurological implications of HPA axis dysfunction.

A
  1. Brain insulin resistance.
  2. Reduced serotonin activity.
  3. Reduced BDNF and resultant hippocampal atrophy.
52
Q

State 2 clinical implications of HPA axis dysfunction.

A
  1. Excessive release of free fatty acids.
  2. Insulin resistance.
  3. Increased platelet aggregation.
53
Q

What is the ‘wash out period’ in relation to anti-depressants?

A

Antidepressant effects can still linger in the system 2 weeks after discontinuation, caution introducing new nutrients, drugs or dietary changes.

54
Q

Why dooes a person taking MAOI’s need to eat a low tyramine diet?

A

MAOI’s block monoamine oxidase - an enzyme that breaks down excess tyramine. Excess levels can result in dangerously high blood pressure.

55
Q

State 3 high tyramine foods? When should these be avoided?

A
  1. Mature cheese.
  2. Avocado.
  3. Marmite.
    Avoid when taking MAOI’s.
56
Q

State 3 hypothetical aims for working with a client with depression.

A
  1. Reduce inflammation to improve digestive function.
  2. Improve insulin sensitivity by balancing blood sugar to normalise cortisol.
  3. Normalise HPA function.
  4. Investigate phase 2 liver detoxification pathways and antioxidant levels.
57
Q

Folate, B12 and SAMe all function as what? Why is it relevant to NT’s?

A

Methyl donors - SAMe is the major one and it relies on folate and B12.
Methylation is needed for NT synthesis.

58
Q

Synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine depends on adequate methylation of what? And what is this dependent on?

A

BH4.

SAMe.

59
Q

BH4 production depends on what 3 things? Patients with recurrent depression have been shown to have reduced BH4 synthesis (probably due to low SAMe so supplementation with these 3 things may help.

A
  1. Folate.
  2. Vitamin C.
  3. B12.
60
Q

What effect can eating a diet fish in omega-3 oils and EFA’s have on depression?

A

Diets rich in fish = lower depressive rates.
Dietary fatty acids = fluid phospholipid composition of neuronal membranes.
Brain = richest source of phospholipids.
Neuronal function depends on membrane fluidity.

61
Q

State 3 dietary sources of both tryptophan and tyrosine.

A
  1. Almond milk.
  2. Eggs.
  3. Beans.
  4. Salmon.
62
Q

Define bipolar depression.

A

Bipolar depression is characterised by periods of major depression alternating with elevated mood.

63
Q

State 3 symptoms of mania.

A
  1. Excessive self-esteem or grandiosity.
  2. Reduced need for sleep.
  3. Extreme talkativeness.
  4. Extremely rapid flight of thoughts.
64
Q

Define epilepsy.

A

A general term for approx 30 chronic disorders of
the brain’s electrical balance. Manifests as severe
convulsions (seizures) that invoke rapid jerking of the body’s limbs.

65
Q

What diet is an effective therapy for pharmaco-resistant epilepsy?

A

Ketogenic - more than half of the patients show greater than 50% reduction in seizures.

66
Q

What 3 specific nutrients should we consider when working with someone with epilepsy?

A
  1. Taurine - acts as a modulator of membrane excitability in the CNS.
  2. Magnesium - severe depletion can cause seizures.
  3. B6 - low levels = seizures in rats.
67
Q

Why might a glass of warm milk before bed be beneficial for someone with insomnia?

A

It contains tryptophan which is a precursor for serotonin which helps initiate sleep cycle via melatonin production.

68
Q

What are the two major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety n the CNS?

A

Nor-adrenaline and serotonin.

69
Q

Anxiety is due to _______ nervous system dominance.

A

Sympathetic.

70
Q

What particular amino acid could be of benefit for someone suffering with anxiety and where can it be found?

A

L-theanine - found in the tea family.

It possesses neuroprotective, mood-enhancing, and relaxation properties.

71
Q

State 3 symptoms of Schizophrenia.

A
  1. Disturbances in thoughts.
  2. Disturbances in perception.
  3. Disturbances in relationships.
  4. Auditory hallucinations and delusions.
  5. False beliefs.
72
Q

State a risk factor for Schizophrenia related to pregnancy.

A

Women who are malnourished or have certain viral illnesses (potentially linked to flu) during their pregnancy = greater risk of child developing schizophrenia.

73
Q

Abnormalities of the ________ system are thought to exist in schizophrenia.

A

Dopaminergic.

Schizophrenia treated with anti-psychotics which lower dopamine (risk Parkinsons etc).

74
Q

Why should we consider a gluten free diet for someone with schizophrenia?

A

Leaky gut can increase risk of BBB permeability and IL-2 levels which can increase paranoia and hallucinations.

75
Q

State 2 things we can do to support someone detoxing from drugs?

A
  1. Support phase 1 and 2 liver detoxification.

2. Support stable energy production to prevent cravings.

CNM Nutrition 2 S1 (10 decks)

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