Nervous System KER Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is the corpus callosum?
A
A large collection of commissural fibers that connect the left side of the brain to the right side of the brain.
2
Q
singulate gyrus location
A
immediately above corpus callosum
3
Q
singulate sulcus location
A
immediately above corpus callosum
4
Q
septum pellucidem
A
separates the two lateral ventricles of the diencephalon
5
Q
thalamus function
A
relay center for information coming into the brain
6
Q
mossa intermedia
A
middle of thalamus
7
Q
hypothalamus location
A
anterior to thalamus, posterior to pituitary gland
8
Q
third ventricle area of the brain
A
surrounds the thalamus (thalamus is the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle)
9
Q
pineal body location
A
posterior to thalamus
10
Q
pineal body location
A
posterior to thalamus
11
Q
choroid plexus
A
creates cerebrospinal fluid
12
Q
cerebral acqueduct (acqueduct of Silvius)
A
connects third and fourth ventricles, between corpora quadregemeni and pons)
13
Q
cerebellum purpose
A
motor memory and fine motor control
14
Q
two parts of internal cerebellum
A
white fibers (arbor vitae) - fiber tracts within the cerebellum
15
Q
parietoccipital notch/sulcus
A
separates occipital lobe from parietal lobes
16
Q
parietoccipital notch/sulcus
A
separates occipital lobe from parietal lobes
17
Q
cranial nerves
A
12: I - olfactory II - optic III - oculomotor IV - trochlear V - trigeminal VI - abducens VII - facial VIII - vestibulocochlear IX - glossopharangeal X - vagus XI - spinal XII - hypoglossal
18
Q
mammillary bodies’ function
A
relay centers for the sense of smell (CN I - olfactory nerve)
19
Q
trochlear nerve location
A
arises from the posterior aspect of the pons and comes around to the front (CN IV)
20
Q
trigeminal nerve location
A
lateral side of the pons (CN V)
21
Q
frontal lobe primary function
A
motor function
22
Q
parietal lobe primary function
A
sensory
23
Q
occipital lobe primary function
A
sensory for vision
24
Q
precentral gyrus primary function
A
primary motor cortex (frontal lobe is mostly motor)
25
postcentral gyrus primary function
primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
26
cranial nerves
```
I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V - trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - vestibulocochlear
IX - glossopharyngal
X - vagus
XI - spinal
XII - hypoglossal
```
27
infundibulum location
connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
28
lateral ventricle location
anterior horn starts in the frontal lobe, the lateral horn goes through the parietal lobe, the inferior horn is in the temporal lobe - moves laterally then medially again
29
lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle connection via the ...
intervertricular foramen
30
third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle via the ...
cerebral aqueduct
31
fourth ventricle widenings
called the lateral recesses, which end in lateral apertures, where the CSF can become a sub-dural fluid
32
What is the corpus callosum?
A large collection of commissural fibers that connect the left side of the brain to the right side of the brain.
33
singulate gyrus location
immediately above corpus callosum
34
singulate gyrus location
immediately above corpus callosum
35
singulate sulcus location
immediately above corpus callosum
36
septum pellucidem
separates the two lateral ventricles of the diencephalon
37
thalamus function
relay center for information coming into the brain
38
mossa intermedia
middle of thalamus
39
hypothalamus location
anterior to thalamus, posterior to pituitary gland
40
third ventricle area of the brain
surrounds the thalamus (thalamus is the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle)
41
pineal body location
posterior to thalamus
42
choroid plexus
creates cerebrospinal fluid
43
cerebral acqueduct (acqueduct of Silvius)
connects third and fourth ventricles, between corpora quadregemeni and pons)
44
cerebellum purpose
white fibers (arbor vitae) and gray fiber tracts within the cerebellum
44
two parts of internal cerebellum
white fibers (arbor vitae) - fiber tracts within the cerebellum
45
parietoccipital notch/sulcus
separates occipital lobe from parietal lobes
46
cranial nerves
```
12:
I - olfactory nerve
II - optic nerve
III - oculomotor nerve
IV - trochlear nerve
V - trigeminal nerve
VI - abducens
VII - facial nerve
VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory nerve)
IX - olive landmark separates 9-11
XII - anterior to the olive
```
47
mammillary bodies' function
relay centers for the sense of smell (CN I - olfactory nerve)
48
trochlear nerve
arises from the posterior aspect of the pons and comes around to the front
49
trigeminal nerve
lateral side of the pons
50
frontal lobe primary function
motor function
51
parietal lobe primary function
sensory
52
occipital lobe primary function
sensory for vision
53
precentral gyrus primary function
primary motor cortex (frontal lobe is mostly motor)
54
postcentral gyrus primary function
primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
55
cranial nerves
I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - only one to leave the brain stem from the posterior aspect - trochlear
V - trigeminal - splits into three main branches, off of the pons
VI - abducens (medial central junction of pons/mo)
VII - facial (middle junct of pons/mo)
VIII - vestibulocochlear (auditory) (lateral junct of pons/mo)
IX - posterior to the olive - glossopharyngal
X - vagus
XI - spinal accessory nerve (also gets some input from 1st spinal nerve)
XII - anterior to olive - hypoglossal nerve
56
infundibulum location
connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
57
lateral ventricle location
anterior horn starts in the frontal lobe, the lateral horn goes through the parietal lobe, the inferior horn is in the temporal lobe - moves laterally then medially again
58
lateral ventricles connect to the third ventricle connection via the ...
intervertricular foramen
59
third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle via the ...
cerebral aqueduct
60
fourth ventricle widenings
called the lateral recesses, which end in lateral apertures, where the CSF can become a sub-dural fluid
61
three components of the cerebrum
- cerebral cortex (gray matter)
- cerebral white matter
- deep gray matter (gyri & sulci)
62
longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into ...
... hemispheres (left & right)
63
cerebral nuclei function
influences motor movements; inhibits unnecessary motor movements
64
medulla functions
contains several reflex centers (cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor, coughing, sneezing)
65
hypothalamus function
controls ANS, responsible for body temperature, osmotic pressure, drives, food intake, thirst, endocrine
66
thalamus function
edits sensory information; relays information to and from cerebral cortex
67
cerebral cortex function
responsible for memory, integration, interpreting sensory information, controlling the movement of skeletal muscle
68
spinal cord function
has ascending and descending tracts; contains reflex centers (withdrawal, stretch reflexes)
69
epithalamus function
contains pineal gland; regulates sleep-wake cycle
70
midbrain function
controls eye reflexes, such as blinking
71
inferior to thalamus; superior to brain stem; part of diencephalon; made of many nuclei
hypothalamus
72
dorsal to the pons and medulla; formed of two hemispheres joined by the vermis
cerebellum
73
merges with spinal cord; most inferior portion of brain stem
medulla
74
part of the brain stem; inferior to diencephalon; superior to pons
midbrain
75
forms the walls of the third ventricle; composed of two gray masses
thalamus
76
part of the brain stem; superior to medulla oblongata
pons
77
which part of the brain stem is associated with cranial nerves III and IV?
midbrain
78
which part of the brain stem is associated with cranial nerves V, VI, VII?
pons
79
which part of the brain stem is associated with cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI and XII?
medulla oblongata
80
brain meninges, beginning with innermost
pia mater
arachnoid mater
meningeal dura mater
periosteal dura mater
81
flow of CSF
right/left lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> foramen of luschka (lateral/medial/lateral) -> subarachnoid spaces/central canal -> arachnoid villi -> superior sagittal sinus
82
receptors that respond to internal stimuli
interoceptors
83
interoceptors' locations
internal organs and blood vessels
84
receptors that respond to stimuli in the external environment
exteroceptors
85
receptors that respond to internal stimuli about position
proprioceptors
86
locations of proprioceptors
muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, CT coverings of bone/muscles
87
receptors that respond to excess stimuli which might be harmful or cause pain
nociceptors
88
receptors that respond to light
photoreceptors
89
receptors that respond to mechanical forces (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
mechanoreceptors
90
receptors that respond to chemicals in solution (smell, taste, blood chemistry)
chemoreceptors
91
receptors that respond to changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
92
CT covering around an axon
endoneurium
93
CT covering around a fascicle
perineurium
94
CT covering around a nerve
epineurium
95
nerves that carry information away from the CNS
motor (efferent)
96
nerves that carry information toward to CNS
sensory (afferent)
97
nerves with both sensory and motor fibers
mixed nerves
98
all spinal nerves are ... (afferent, efferent or mixed?)
mixed - they contain both motor and sensory fiber
99
collection of cell bodies in the PNS
ganglia
100
collection of cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei
101
controls the ANS
hypothalamus
102
responsible for body temperature
hypothalamus
103
responsible for osmotic pressure
hypothalamus
104
responsible for drives
hypothalamus
105
responsible for food intake
hypothalamus
106
responsible for thirst
hypothalamus
107
in charge of the endocrine system
hypothalamus
108
cardiac reflex center location
medulla oblongata
109
respiratory reflex center location
medulla oblongata
110
vasomotor reflex center location
medulla oblongata
111
coughing reflex center location
medulla oblongata
112
sneezing reflex center location
medulla oblongata
113
cerebral nuclei
- caudate nucleus
- claustrum
- putamen
- globus pallidus
114
CNS components
- brain
| - spinal cord
115
PNS components
- nerves
- ganglia
- sensory receptors
116
clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
ganglia
117
clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei
118
groupings of nerve fibers in the PNS
nerves
119
groupings of nerve fibers in the CNS
tracts
120
cause of gray matter
rough endoplasmic reticulum called Nissl bodies
121
cause of white matter
myelinated axons (rich in white phospholipids)
122
more neuralgia in CNS or PNS?
CNS
123
neuron characteristics
- functional units of CNS
- highly specialized
- amitotic (do not repair)
- extreme longevity
- high metabolic rate (need oxygen and glucose to survive)
- large, complex cells
- bio synthetic center is in cell body
124
reflex arc
1. stimulus
2. afferent sensory input
3. integration
4. efferent motor output
5. response
125
components of a reflex arc
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integration center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
126
many processes extend from the cell body; all are dendrites except for a single axon
multipolar neurons
127
what structural classification are interneurons?
multipolar
128
what structural classification are motor neurons?
multipolar
129
two processes extend from the cell body: a fused dendrite and an axon
bipolar neuron
130
one process extends from the cell body
pseudounipolar neuron
131
sensory neurons are what structural type of neuron?
pseudounipolar
132
two parts of a pseudounipolar axon
- peripheral process
| - central process
133
motor neurons are what structural type of neuron?
multipolar
134
neuron that delivers a message to another neuron
presynaptic neurotransmitter
135
neuron that responds to a stimulus
postaynaptic neuron
136
how does a postsynaptic neuron respond to a stimulus?
membrane charge becomes more positive or more negative
137
oligodendrocytes - CNS or PNS?
CNS
138
astrocytes - CNS or PNS?
CNS
139
microglia - CNS or PNS?
CNS
140
ependymal cells - CNS or PNS?
CNS
141
Schwann cells - CNS or PNS?
PNS
142
satellite cells - CNS or PNS?
PNS
143
produces cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus (in ventricles)
144
where cerebrospinal fluid exits the ventricles into the bloodstream
arachnoid villi
145
brain directional term from anterior (front)
rostral
146
brain directional term from posterior (back)
caudal
147
brain directional term for superior (up)
dorsal
148
brain directional term for inferior (lower)
ventral
