nervous system/mental health Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
part of the nervous system that includes brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system
2
Q
part of nervous system that includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
A
peripheral nervous system
3
Q
part of the nervous system that receives and processes information and regulates all activities of the body
A
central nervous system
4
Q
part of the nervous system that transmits signals to and from the brain and spinal cord
A
peripheral nervous system
5
Q
neur/i, neur/o
A
nerve
6
Q
one or more bundles of neurons connecting brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
A
nerve
7
Q
bundle of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
A
tract
8
Q
carry nerve impulses toward the brain
A
ascending nerve tract
9
Q
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
A
descending nerve tract
10
Q
cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
A
ganglion
11
Q
supply of nerves to a specific body part
A
innervation
12
Q
network of intersecting spinal nerves
A
plexus
13
Q
sites in sensory organs receiving external stimulation
A
receptors
14
Q
anything that excites/activated a nerve an causes an impulse
A
stimulus
15
Q
automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
A
reflexes
16
Q
basic cells of nervous system
A
neurons
17
Q
sensory neurons
A
afferent
18
Q
associative neurons
A
connecting
19
Q
motor neurons
A
efferent
20
Q
part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body
A
dendrites
21
Q
part of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
A
axon
22
Q
branching fibers at the end of an axon that lead a nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse
A
terminal end fibers
23
Q
space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
A
synapse
24
Q
chemical substances allowing messages to cross from synapse of a neuron to a target receptor
A
neurotransmitters
25
provide support and protection for neurons (surround neurons and hold them in place, supply nutrients/oxygen, insulate one neuron from another, destroy and remove dead neurons)
glial cells
26
protective cover made of glial cells
myelin sheath
27
white matter
myelinated nerve fibers
28
gray matter
unmyelinated nerve fibers
29
enclose the brain and spinal cord
meninges
30
outermost membrane of the meninges
dura matter
31
second layer of the meninges; resembles spider web
arachnoid membrane
32
inner layer of the meninges; nearest to brain/spinal cord
pia matter
33
clear, watery fluid produced within the four ventricles in the middle region of the cerebrum; cools and cushions brain and spinal cord; nourishes brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients/chemical messengers to these tissues
cerebrospinal fluid
34
cerebr/o, enchephal/o
brain
35
largest and uppermost portion of the brain; responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion, integration of motor and sensory functions
cerebrum
36
outer layer of cerebrum; made of gray matter
cerebral cortex
37
folds of gray matter in cerebral cortex
gyri
38
fissures of cerebral cortex
sulci
39
controls skilled motor functions, memory, behavior
frontal lobe
40
receives/interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue, skin, and muscles
parietal lobe
41
controls eyesight
occipital lobe
42
controls senses of hearing and smell; controls ability to create, store, and access new information
temporal lobe
43
located below the cerebrum; relays impulses to and from cerebrum and the sense organs
thalamus
44
located below the thalamus; regulates autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body temp, food and water balance, sleep cycle, pituitary gland/endocrine system activity
hypothalamus
45
second largest part of the brain; located at the back of the head posterior to the cerebrum; receives messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone, and position; produces coordinated movements, maintains equilibrium, sustains normal postures
cerebellum
46
stalk-like portion of brain that connects cerebral hemispheres with spinal cord; contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brain stem
47
tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down to almost the bottom of the spine; surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges; pathway for impulses to and from the brain
spinal cord
48
nerves that originate from under the surface of the brain
cranial nerves
49
nerves that are named based on the region they innervate; named for the corresponding vertebrae
spinal nerves
50
controls involuntary actions of the body
autonomic nervous system
51
division of the nervous system that controls fight-or-flight response
sympathetic nerves
52
division of the nervous system that returns the body to normal after a response to stress; maintains body functions
parasympathetic nerves
53
cephaligia
headache
54
headache often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light; warning aura may be perceived
migraine
55
headaches that repeatedly affect one side of the head
cluster headaches
56
congenital herniation of brain tissue through the skull
encephalocele
57
congenital herniation of the meninges through the skull or spinal column
meningocele
58
excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
hydrocephalus
59
common, slow-growing, and usually benign meninges tumor
meningioma
60
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord; can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection
meningitis
61
progressive decline in mental abilities, often accompanied by personality changes
dementia
62
due to stroke or other restriction of blood flow to the brain
vascular dementia
63
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
64
condition associated with swelling of the liver and brain; may follow viral illness treated with aspirin
Reye's syndrome
65
potentially fatal infection of CNS caused by toxin produced by tetanus bacteria
tetanus
66
neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements and sounds
Tourette syndrome
67
progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities; leading form of dementia
Alzheimer's disease
68
degenerative disorder leading to progressive loss of the control of movements; due to inadequate level of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
69
rapidly progressive disease attacking nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
ALS
70
total or partial inability to recall past experiences
amnesia
71
violent shaking or jarring of the brain, which may result in temporary loss of awareness
concussion
72
bruising of brain tissue due to brain bouncing off rigid bone of the skull
cerebral contusion
73
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
cranial hematoma
74
damage to the brain ranging from mild to severe
traumatic brain injury
75
awake, alert, aware, responding appropriately
conscious
76
unaware and unable to respond to stimuli
unconscious
77
lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
lethargy
78
unresponsive; arouses only briefly despite repeated attempts
stupor
79
brief loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain; fainting
syncope
80
deep state of unconsciousness; no spontaneous eye movements or response to painful stimuli or speech
coma
81
alternating wake/sleep cycles, but person remains unconscious
vegetative state
82
acute confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking/memory, agitation, and hallucinations
delirium
83
tumor that destroys brain tissue, may be primary or secondary
malignant brain tumor
84
tumor that does not invade brain tissue, but pressure may damage tissue
benign brain tumor
85
amount of pressure inside the skull
intracranial pressure
86
cerebrovascular accident; damage to the brain due to disrupted blood flow
stroke
87
facial droop, arm drift, speech abnormality, time
signs of a stroke
88
type of stroke: obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
ischemic
89
type of stroke: when a weakened blood vessel ruptures
hemorrhagic stroke
90
type of stroke: caused by a temporary clot; "mini stroke"
transient ischemic attack
91
prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
insomnia
92
sudden uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
narcolepsy
93
lack of restorative sleep resulting in physical or psychiatric symptoms; affects routine performances
sleep deprivation
94
sleep walking
somnambulism
95
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
96
tumor of the spinal cord
myelosis
97
contagious viral infection brainstem and spinal cord; may lead to paralysis
poliomyelitis (polio)
98
inflammation of the root of the spinal nerve causing pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb
radiculitis
99
progressive autoimmune disorder; demyelination of myelin sheath due to inflammation that scars brain, spinal cord, optic nerves
multiple sclerosis
100
inflammation of a nerve
neuritis
101
inflammation of myelin sheath of peripheral nerves; muscle weakness leads to temporary paralysis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
102
temporary paralysis of 7th cranial nerve
Bell's palsy
103
inflammation of sciatic nerve resulting in pain, burning, tingling, along course of the nerve
sciatica
104
pain due to inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
trigeminal neuralgia
105
group of disorders caused by damage that affects the cerebrum; usually caused by a brain injury that happens during pregnancy, birth, or soon after birth
cerebral palsy
106
recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
epilepsy
107
sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain
seizure
108
type of seizure that involves the entire body
tonic-clonic (grand mal)
109
type of seizure with brief disturbance in brain function; loss of awareness
absence seizure
110
type of seizure with repetitive muscle movements
focal (partial) seizure
111
convulsions that can happen when a young child has a fever over 100.4 degrees
febrile seizure
112
persistent, severe burning pain following injury to the sensory nerve
causalgia
113
abnormal/excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli
hyperesthesia
114
burning, prickling sensation in hands, arms, legs, or feet
paresthesia
115
disorders of the peripheral nerves; cause pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles
peripheral neuropathy
116
uncomfortable feeling in legs, producing strong urge to move them
restless leg syndrome
117
detects changes in the blood flow to the brain
functional MRI
118
ultrasound study of the carotid artery
carotid ultrasonography
119
recording of the electrical activity of the brain
echoencephalography
120
uses electrodes taped to or inserted into the skin
electromyography
121
fluoroscopic and CT study
myelography
122
obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid
lumbar puncture
123
depresses CNS; produces sleep
hypnotic
124
prevents seizure
anticonvulsant
125
class of drugs producing calming or depressed effect on CNS
barbiturates
126
depresses CNS to produce calm and diminished response; does not induce sleep
sedative
127
absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain
anesthesia
128
induces anesthesia
anesthetic
129
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of lumbar or sacral region of the spine
epidural
130
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space
spinal anestesia
131
stimulator implanted near the collar bone
deep brain stimulation
132
radiation treatment for brain tumors
gamma knife surgery
133
electroshock therapy
electroconvulsive therapy
134
removal of a portion of the brain
lobectomy
135
incision into the thalamus to destroy brain cells
thalamotomy
136
electomagnetic pulses alter electrical pathways in the brain
transcranial magnetic stimulation
137
relieves nerve pain by burning nerves
radio frequency ablation; rhizotomy
138
fear of panic attacks
panic disorder
139
sudden experience of fear even in the absence of danger
panic attack
140
children of normal intelligence having difficulty learning specific skills
learning disability
141
significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy
intellectual disability
142
difficulty with social relationships/communication skills
Autism Spectrum Disorder
143
presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics within the same individual
dissociative identity disorder
144
repeatedly stealing; neither for personal use nor for the items' monetary value
kleptomania
145
repeated, deliberate fire setting
pyromania
146
child or adolescent's angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior; directed toward authority figured, disrupts daily activities
oppositional defiant disorder
147
low-grade chronic depression present on the majority of days for two or more years
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
148
children with frequent, severe temper outbursts; chronically irritable
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
149
depression associated with winter months
seasonal affective disorder
150
disregard for the rights of others
antisocial personality disorder
151
impulsive actions, mood instability, and chaotic relationships
borderline personality disorder
152
preoccupation with self and lack of empathy for others
narcissistic personality disorder
153
false personal belief
delusion
154
sensory perception experiences in the absence of external stimulation
hallucination
155
lack of responsiveness stupor, and tendency to remain in a fixed posture
catatonic behavior
156
temporary or ongoing changes in function triggered by psychological factors
conversion disorder
157
intentional creation of false or exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by incentive such as avoiding work
malingering
158
sudden, severe mental changes or seizures caused by abrupt withdrawal of alcohol
delirium tremens
159
dissatisfaction of gender; feelings can begin in early childhood
dysphoria
160
acts primarily on CNS by producing temporary changes affecting mind, emotions, and behavior
psychotropic drug
161
