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4. BIOL257 > Nervous system overview I > Flashcards

Nervous system overview I Flashcards

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1
Q

list two types of nervous systems:

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

CNS: features

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS: features

A
  • all nervous tissue outside CNS
  • somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • enteric nervous system (ENS)
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4
Q

somatic nervous system: general features

A
  • voluntary somatic motor neurons -> skeletal mm
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5
Q

autonomic nervous system: general features

A
  • involuntary autonomic motor neurons
  • parasympathetic/ sympathetic
  • smooth mm, cardiac mm, glands
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6
Q

enteric nervous system: general features

A
  • involuntary enteric motor neurons (in enteric plexuses)

- smooth mm, glands, endocrine cells of GI tract

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7
Q

CNS: nerves involved

A
  • brain
  • cranial nerve (CN II): optic nn
  • spinal cord
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8
Q

PNS: nerves involved

A
  • CN I, III-XII
  • spinal nerves (31)
  • peripheral nerves
  • neuromuscular junctions
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9
Q

where does neural tissue arise from during development:

A

ectoderm (neuroectoderm)

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10
Q

neural tissue comprises of: eg

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia (glia) which are non-neuronal cells which support neuronal function

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11
Q

neurons: definition

A
  • excitable cells

- electrically active: which can rapidly alter voltage across cell membrane

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12
Q

neurons: function

A
  • transduce/ transfer info
  • communicate w other cells
  • bring physiological changes in the body
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13
Q

neurons: 3 categories

A
  • sensory neurons/ receptors
  • interneurons
  • motor neurons
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14
Q

sensory neurons/ receptors: features

A
  • detect/ transduce stimuli arising from outside (light, sound) or inside (blood pressure, muscle stretch) body
  • transmit resulting (afferent) neural signals to CNS for processing
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15
Q

interneurons: features

A
  • connect neurons to one another in CNS
  • allow CNS to communicate w sensory/ motor neurons
  • forms circuits for processing neural info
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16
Q

motor neurons: features

A
  • carry efferent signals from CNS to effector organs to bring about change
  • eg. contraction of muscle tissue, release of substances from a gland
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17
Q

name types of neurons:

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
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18
Q

neuroglia: definition

A
  • non-neuronal cells that are critical to function of neurons
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19
Q

neuroglia: functions (5)

A
  • physical support for neurons
  • supply nutrients/ oxygen to neurons
  • electrical insulation of neurons
  • destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
  • ? info processing etc.
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20
Q

neuroglia: main types

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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21
Q

astrocytes: function

A
  • CNS
  • transport nutrients (glucose) from blood vessels to neurons
  • remove neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) released by neurons during synaptic transmission (stop excessive transmitting)
  • regulate extracellular potassium conc.
  • excitable cells can communicate w other astrocytes/ neurons to influence synaptic connectivity
  • most common CNS neuroglia
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22
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells: function

A
  • oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • schwann cells (PNS)
  • generate myelin sheaths surrounding axons of neurons
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23
Q

myelin: features

A
  • part of cell membrane which wraps around axon in spiral fashion
  • white fatty substance ‘white matter’
  • rich in lipid (effective electrical insulation)
  • critical for rapid (saltatory) conduction mode of action potential
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24
Q

microglia: function

A
  • CNS
  • immune effector cells
  • phagocytose cell debris following injury/ pathogens in case of infection
  • brain development/ homeostasis
  • promote regrowth/ remapping of damaged neural circuitry
  • involved in neuronal/ synaptic plasticity
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25
ependymal cells: features/ function
- line ventricles (fluid filled cavities) in brain/ central canal of spinal cord - assist in producing CSF - microvilli beat to circulate CSF
26
CSF function:
cushion and supply nutrients to brain
27
grey matter of CNS:
- cell bodies and dendrites of CNS neurons/ some glia - greyish-pink due to Nissl bodies (rough ER) in cells/ blood - location of synaptic connections btw neurons
28
white matter of CNS:
- axons of CNS neurons | - myelin sheath (oligodendrocytes) give white appearance: high lipid content
29
how are neurons organised:
- layers (laminae) compact clusters of neuronal cell bodies: - nuclei in CNS - ganglia in PNS
30
neural circuits: general features and eg.
- neurons don't function in isolation: in circuits - vary in complexity, connectivity, function - eg. myotactic (knee jerk) spinal reflex loop: lil neuronal processing
31
neural circuits: complex eg.
pain matrix: | - governs perception and interpretation of painful stimuli
32
neural circuits: pain matrix areas involved
- multiple brain areas which have non pain functions also - incl areas responsible for immediate physical response (pain detection, discrimination, avoidance) - also pain-related mood/ emotion (anger, depression, anxiety, stress)
33
development of CNS: most basic embryonic brain regions (4 wks)
- forebrain - midbrain - hindbrain
34
development of CNS: name further developed embryonic brain regions (5 wks)
- telencephalon - diencephalon - mesencephalon - metencephalon - myelencephalon
35
development of CNS: forebrain forms into in embryo
- telencephalon | - diencephalon
36
development of CNS: midbrain forms into in embryo
mesencephalon
37
development of CNS: hindbrain forms into in embryo
- metencephalon | - myelencephalon
38
development of CNS: name brain structures in children/adults
- cerebrum - diencephalon - midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata
39
development of CNS: telencephalon forms into in children/adults and features
cerebrum: - cerebral cortex - white matter - basal nuclei
40
development of CNS: diencephalon forms into in children/adults and features
diencephalon: - thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus
41
development of CNS: mesencephalon forms into in children/adults and features
midbrain: | - part of brainstem
42
development of CNS: metencephalon forms into in children/adults and features
pons: - part of brainstem - cerebrum
43
development of CNS: myelencephalon forms into in children/adults and features
medulla oblongata: | - part of brainstem
44
sagittal plane:
separates into L and R
45
coronal plane:
separates into front and back
46
transverse plane:
separates into top and bottom
47
rostral:
towards beak
48
caudal:
towards tail
49
ventral:
belly
50
dorsal:
back
51
cerebrum: aka and function
- aka telencephalon - conscious thought processes, intellectual functions - memory storage and processing - conscious/ subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
52
diencephalon: aka and function- thalamus
- relay and processing centres for sensory info
53
diencephalon: aka and function- hypothalamus
- centres controlling emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production
54
mesencephalon: aka and function
- aka midbrain - processing of visual and auditory data - generation of reflexive somatic motor responses - maintenance of consciousness
55
metencephalon: aka and function
- aka cerebellum - coordinates complex somatic motor patterns - adjusts output of other somatic motor centres in brain and spinal cord
56
metencephalon: aka and function
- aka pons - relays sensory info to cerebellum - subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
57
myelencephalon: aka and function
- aka medulla oblongata - relays sensory info to thalamus - autonomic centres for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive activities
58
CNS protected by:
- cranium - vertebral column additionally: - CSF - meninges
59
list cranial meninges:
superficial - deep: - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
60
list spinal meninges:
superficial - deep: - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
61
spinal cord: features
- connects CNS to PNS which isn't innervated by cranial nerves - adult spinal cord (40-50cm long) - from medulla oblongata to 2/3 down vertebral column (L1/2 intervertebral disc) -> ending as tapering conus medullaris - remaining nerves continue down vertebral column in cauda equina
62
spinal nerves: pairs
31 pairs: - 8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
63
spinal nerves: emerges from
- vertebral column though intervertebral/ neural foramen btw adjacent vertebrae
64
spinal nerves: Bell-Magendie Law
- each spinal n formed by combo of nerve fibres (axons) from dorsal and ventral roots
65
spinal nerves: dorsal root
- posterior root - only afferent (sensory) fibres receptor- PNS- CNS
66
spinal nerves: ventral root
- anterior root - only efferent (motor) fibres CNS- PNS- effector
67
lamina of: dorsal/ posterior column
lamina I - VII
68
lamina of: lateral column
lamina VII
69
lamina of: ventral/ anterior column
lamina VIII, IX
70
function of: dorsal column
- pain - temp - touch - proprioception - kinesthesia
71
function of: lateral column
- sympathetic (thoracolumbar levels) | - parasympathetic (sacral levels)
72
function of: ventral column
- motor interneurons | - motor neurons
73
match division to dorsal, ventral and lateral column/ horns:
- dorsal: sensory - lateral: autonomic - ventral: motor
74
white matter of spinal cord are:
- longitudinal tracts btw brain and spinal cord | - or btw spinal cord segments
75
ascending tracts: from
aka sensory | - spinal cord -> brain
76
descending tracts: from
aka motor | - brain -> spinal cord
77
spinal cord: tracts features
- tracts originating on one side of the body generally cross over (decussate) and innervate the contralateral side of body - some remain on ipsilateral side of body

4. BIOL257 (18 decks)

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