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Y3 - CNS Pathology > Nervous system pathology 1 > Flashcards

Nervous system pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In vertebrates what is the preliminary requirement for further CNS organ development?

A

Formation and closure (neurulation) of the neural tube

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2
Q

Neurulation is the driver of which process?

A

Sagittal closure of overlying structures (skin, ectoderm, and muscle and subcutis, mesoderm)

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3
Q

What structure separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Falx cerebri

- line of collagen

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4
Q

What are the names of the dome shaped projections and crevices on the brain surface?

A

Gyri (dome shaped projections)

Sulci (cervices)

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5
Q

What separates the brainstem from the 4th brain?

A

Collagenous tissue

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6
Q

Name some structures that can be viewed on the ventral view of the brain?

A
  • olfactory bulb
  • optic chiasm
  • pituitary gland
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7
Q

Name the structure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brainstem

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

What colour are the grey and white matter when stained?

A

White matter = dark blue

Grey matter = light purple/pink

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9
Q

On an evolutionary scale, number and depth of sulci increases proportionally to

A

Cortical development

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10
Q

A bisected (medial) slice of the brain through the telencephalon would show which structures?

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
- cranial potion of the brain

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11
Q

A bisected (medial) slice of the brain through the diencephalon would show which structures?

A

Some of the cerebral cortex with the hippocampus and thalamus lying centrally beneath it

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12
Q

A bisected (medial) slice of the brain through the metencephalon would show which structures?

A

Cerebellum and pons

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13
Q

A bisected (medial) slice of the brain through the myelencephalon would show which structures?

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

A slice through the spinal cord would show which structures?

A
  • Grey matter centrally: dorsal and ventral horn
  • White matter peripherally
  • Ventral and dorsal nerve roots
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15
Q

How can spinal grey and white matter be differentiated histologically?

A

Grey matter is a slightly paler pink colour

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16
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Production of CSF

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17
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

Found in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles of the brain

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18
Q

What is ependyma?

A

Thin neuroepithelial (simple columnar ciliated epithelium) lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Acts as a cushion (mechanically) and provides nutrients to the neuroparenchyma

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20
Q

Which structure drains CSF from the ventricles?

A

Dorsal sagittal sinus

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21
Q

Name the 4 cells of neuroectodermal origin in the CNS

A
  • Neurons
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymocytes
22
Q

Name the 3 cells of mesenchymal origin in the CNS

A
  • Microglia
  • Blood vessels
  • Cells of meninges
23
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells in the CNS?

A

Not directly involved in the CNS but they produce myelin

- A Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath by wrapping its plasma membrane concentrically around the inner axon

24
Q

What is the principle cell type in nervous tissue?

A

Neuron

25
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Receipt, generation, conduction and transmission of stimuli as electric signals (waves of depolarization)

26
Q

Neurones are structurally composed of which components?

A
  • Large nucleus with prominent nucleolus
  • Soma or perikarion, with prominent RER (Nissl substance)
  • Dendrites: multiple, receiving information from myriad adjacent or distant neurons
  • Axon: single, projecting signal from the soma to the effector cell (other neurons, skeletal muscle, glandular epithelium, etc..)
27
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Creation and maintenance of the integrity of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
  • Uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters
  • Maintenance of extracellular pH and osmotic pressure (via uptake of K+)
  • Supporting metabolic demands of neurons
  • Supporting migration of neurons during neurogenesis
28
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Responsible for the production of myelin within the CNS

29
Q

How do oligodendrocytes appear in H&E?

A

Appear surrounded by clear (empty) halo (lipids)

30
Q

Describe how the boundary of the CNS and PNS looks

A
  • Happens at the level of the eye
  • Schwann cells are elongated
  • Oligodendrocytes are rounded and arrange themselves as rows of cells
31
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • Resident macrophage-like cells in the CNS

- Immune surveillance

32
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of the meninges

A
  • Dura mater: thicker and rich in collagen
  • Arachnoid: fine trabecules gently surrounded by supporting vasculature
  • Pia mater: thin layer in contact with the neuroparenchyma
33
Q

What is Malacia?

A

Abnormal softening of a biological tissue, most often cartilage

34
Q

Define Satellitosis

A

Abnormal clustering of one type of cell around another especially: the clustering of glial cells around neurons in the brain that is associated with certain pathological states (as oligodendroglioma)

35
Q

Define spongiosis

A

Mainly intercellular oedema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis

36
Q

Define infarct

A

Local tissue damage due to reduced blood flow (ischemia) or prolonged reduced oxygenation (hypoxia)

37
Q

What are spheroids?

A

Cross section of enlarged axons (acute to subacute degeneration)

38
Q

What is a neuropil?

A

A dense network of interwoven nerve fibres and their branches and synapses, together with glial filaments

39
Q

Which features of neurones make them susceptible to damage/lesions, etc

A
  • Stable, fully developed and extremely specialized cells
  • Lack of proliferating activity
  • High metabolic demands
  • Low capacity of “metabolic adaptation”
  • The majority of neurons extend their processes far from the perikarion (cell body)
40
Q

What happens to neurones if there is over stimulation?

A

The neurones will die = excitotoxicity

41
Q

What are some reactions neurones have when they are damaged?

A
  • Chromatolysis
  • Hypoxic necrosis
  • Apoptosis
  • Intracytoplasmic accumulation
  • Vacuolation
  • Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions (viruses and regressive phenomena)
42
Q

How do neurones that have undergone hypoxic necrosis appear?

A

‘Red dead cells’

Cell has shrunk and the cytoplasm is spikey and red

43
Q

What is chromatolysis and what is the cause?

A
  • The dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron
  • Caused by a change in the availability of oxygen
44
Q

What is astrogliosis?

A

Increase in number/hyperplasia of astrocytes

45
Q

What is astrocytosis?

A

Increase in cell volume/hypertrophy of astrocytes

46
Q

Damage to the oligodendrocytes alters cell membrane and causes?

A
  • Impaired or defective myelin formation (primary demyelination)
  • Myelin destruction and phagocytosis (secondary demyelination)
47
Q

Define leukodistrophy

A

Congenital or primary oligodendrocyte dysfunction causing the formation of abnormal myelin

48
Q

What are 3 reactions of microglia to damage?

A
  • Neuronophagic nodule
  • Gitter cell formation
  • Rod cell proliferation (activation)
49
Q

What are the 4 types of oedema in the CNS

A
  • cytotoxic
  • vasogenic
  • hydrostatic
  • hypo-osmotic
50
Q

A vascular injury with breakdown of the BBB causes which type of oedema?

A

Vasogenic

Y3 - CNS Pathology (5 decks)

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