Nervous System pt 1 Flashcards
PPT part 1 + book
1
Q
is the primary control center for
coordinating all body activities
A
nervous system
2
Q
the nervous system recieves? (3)
A
sensory input, processes information, and initiates
responses
3
Q
Ensures homeostasis and supports complex mental activities
A
Nervous system
4
Q
`
5 functions of the nervous system
A
- receiving sensory input
- Integration
- motor output (controlling muscles and glands)
- maintaining homeostasis
- establishing and maintaining mental activity
5
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
Collects data from internal and
external environments.
A
Sensory input
6
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
Processes sensory information and makes
decisions.
A
Integration (integrating information)
7
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
Commands muscles and glands in
response to processed data
A
motor output (controlling muscles and glands)
8
Q
Functions of the Nervous System
Maintains a stable internal environment
A
Maintaining Homeostasis
9
Q
Fuctions of the Nervous System
Enables thought, emotion, learning,
and memory
A
establishing and maintaining Mental activity
10
Q
Information is transmitted to the brain and spinal cord via __?
A
sensory
neurons
11
Q
detect stimuli (light, temperature, pain, etc.)
A
receptors
12
Q
Integration - The nervous system ___ and ___ sensory input
A
interprets and integrates
13
Q
Decision-making occurs at various levels, from reflexes to conscious
thought
A
integration
14
Q
The nervous system sends signals to effectors (muscles/glands) for
response
A
Motor Output
15
Q
Enables voluntary and involuntary movements
A
Motor output
16
Q
The nervous system regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and
temperature.
A
Homeostasis
17
Q
The nervous system works with the endocrine system to achieve
A
balance or homeostasis
18
Q
The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning,
emotions, and memory.
A
Mental activity
19
Q
Mental Activity
+ The brain supports complex functions such as thinking, reasoning,
emotions, and memory.
______ of neurons enable these processes.
A
Interconnected networks
20
Q
The nervous system is divided into 2 parts:
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
21
Q
Composed of the brain and spinal cord,
responsible for data processing and
command initiation
Includes the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
22
Q
Includes all nerves outside the CNS, connecting it
to the body for sensory and motor function
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
23
Q
CNS in responsible for ? (2)
A
data processing and command initiation
24
Q
PNS is responsible for ? (2)
A
sensory and motor functions
25
is the communicatio link between the CNS and various parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous system
26
PNS is divided into 2 parts:
1. Sensory division (afferent)
2. Motor division (efferent)
27
afferent means?
toward
28
efferent means?
away
29
Conducts impulses **from sensory receptors to
the CNS, **monitoring external and internal
conditions
Sensory division (afferent)
30
****The neurons that trransmit action potentials from the periphery to the CNS are called?
sensory neurons
31
Transmits signals **from the CNS** to effector organs, managing voluntary and involuntary
responses
Motor divison (efferent)
32
The neurons that transmit action potentials **from the CNS toward the periphery** are called?
motor neurons
33
effectors controlled by the motor division include? (2)
muscle tissue and glands
34
2 subdivisions of the motor division
Autonomic Nervous System
somatic Nervous System
35
Regulates** involuntary **actions (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands) through sympathetic
**“fight or flight”** and parasympathetic “**rest and
digest”** responses
Autonomic Nervous System
36
self-governing nervous system
autonomic nervous system
37
bodily nervous system transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
38
Specialized network in the digestive tract that can
function autonomously, though it also integrates
with the CNS
Enteric Nervous System
39
sympathetic division =
fight of flight
40
parasympathetic
rest and digest
41
2 types of cells that make up the nervous system
neurons and glial cells
42
* conduct electrical impulses for
communication.
* receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs
Neurons
43
a neuron has 3 parts
cell body, and two types of processes: dendrites, and axons
44
# neuron structure
cell body (?)
soma
45
# neuron structure
dendrites (?)
input
46
# neuron structure
axon (?)
output
47
receive signals from other cells,
Dendrites
48
transmit impulses
axons
49
Junction where signals are passed
from one neuron to another
Synapse
50
3 types of neurons
1. multipolar
2. bipolar
3. pseudo-unipolar
51
Many dendrites,
one axon (e.g., motor neurons).
Multipolar
52
One dendrite, one
axon (e.g., sensory neurons in
retina)
Bipolar
53
Single
projection divides into two
branches (common in sensory
neurons)
pseudo-unipolar
54
are short, often highly branching cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips.
dendrites
55
a single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body
axon
56
the area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body is caled the
axon hillock
57
glial cells or __
neuroglia
58
neuroglia means
nerve glue
59
* supportive cells of the CNS and PNS
* carry out different activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue
glial cells
60
CNS glial cells (3)
* Astrocytes
* Oligodendrocytes
* microglia
61
* highly branched
* provide structural support, Form blood
brain barrier, support neurons,
and regulate nutrient
exchange
Astrocytes
62
* Cells with processes that can surround several axons
* Produce
myelin sheaths for CNS axons.
Oligodendrocytes
63
# *
* small mobile cells
* Act as immune
cells within the CNS, removing
debris and pathogens
Microglia
64
Provide structural support; regulate neuronal signaling; contribute to blood-brain barrier; help with neural tissue repair
Astrocytes
65
Protect CNS from infection; become phagocytic in response to inflammation
Microglia
66
Cell processes from myelin sheahs around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
67
2 Glial Cells of the PNS
1. Schwann cells
2. satelite cells
68
Form myelin
around PNS axons, aiding in signal
transmission
Schwann cells
69
Support neuron
cell bodies within ganglia,
regulating their environment
Satellite Cells
70
* Single cells surrounding axons
* Form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the PNS
Schwann cells
71
* single cells surrounding cell bodies
* suport neurons, providing nutrients; protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons
satelite cells
72
permeability barrier between the blood and CNS
blood-brain barrier
73
insulates axons, enhancing transmission speed of impulses
Myelin Sheaths
74
Produced by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Myelin Sheaths
75
Gaps in myelin where action potentials regenerate
to speed up conduction
Nodes of Ranvier
76
wrap around axons in the CNS and PNS
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
77
axons with myelin sheaths are called?
Myelinated axons
78
__ axons lack the myelin sheaths
unmyelinated
79
* Essential for neuron readiness to transmit signals.
* Maintained by selective permeability to K+ and Na+ ions
Resting Membrane Potential
80
Resting potential is maintained by ____ pumps, creating a
___ charge inside the cell
sodium-potassium pumps; 70mV charge
81
2 basic types of ion channels
* leak channels
* gated channels
82
the inside of most cell membranes is _ charged
negatively charged
83
the outside of the cell membrane is _ charged
positively charged
84
_ channels are always open
leak channels
85
_ channels are closed until opened by specific signals
gated channels
86
Essential for rapid and coordinated signal transmission along neurons
Action Potential Mechanism
87
Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ influx and membrane
potential becomes positive.
Depolarization
88
K+ channels open, K+ exits, restoring negative charge.
Repolarization
89
release
neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between
neurons
Chemical synapses
90
allow direct ion flow
between cells for fast communication
Electrical synapses
91
involves
neurotransmitter release, receptor
activation, and potential continuation of the
signal.
Synaptic transmission
92
3 major components of a synapse
1. presynaptic terminal
2. postsynaptic terminal
3. synaptic cleft
93
end of the axon forms a
presynaptic terminal
94
membrane of the dendrite or effector cell is the
postsynaptic membrane
95
space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is the
synaptic cleft
96
At most of the synapses in the body, communication between the neuron and its target occurs through?
chemical signals
97
98
Chemical substances called __ act as these chemical signals
neurotransmitters
99
neurotransmitters are stored in __ in the __ terminal
synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal
100
Extends from the brainstem to the lumbar
region, protected by vertebrae.
Spinal Cord
101
Functions in transmitting information
between body and brain
Spinal Cord
102
The spinal cord Controls reflex actions through ___
local circuitry
103
The spinal nerves exiting from the inferior part of the spinal cord resemble a horse's tail and are collectively called the
cauda equina
104
A cross section of the spinal cord consists of a _____ portion and a _______ portion
* superficial white matter portion
* deep gray matter portion
105
consist of **myelinated axons**
white matter
106
mainly a collection of neuron **cell bodies**
gray matter
107
The white matter consists of (3)
1. ventral column
2. lateral column
3. dorsal column
108
gray matter consists of (3)
1. ventral horn
2. lateral horn
3. dorsal horn
109
Nerve roots continuing from spinal cord end below L2, innervating lower
body
Cauda Equina
110
* Facilitates control over lower limbs and pelvic organs.
* Important in diagnosing conditions like _____ syndrome
cauda equina
111
is the central organ in the
central nervous system, housed
within the skull
Brain
112
Brain is divided into four main regions:
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon,
and cerebrum
113
__ pairs of spinal nerves connect the CNS to the body
31
114
Spinal nerves contain both
sensory and motor fibers
115
Located at the base of the brain, connecting it to
the spinal cord
Brainstem
116
3 sections fo the Brainstem
1. Medulla Oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
117
Extends from the spinal
cord, with a role in basic reflexive control
Medulla Oblongata
118
Contains ascending and descending
tracts that carry sensory and motor
signals
Medulla Oblongata
119
Has various nuclei visible under
microscopic examination that are
responsible for reflex actions
Medulla Oblongata
120
Positioned just above the spinal cord
within the brainstem
Medulla Oblongata
121
Positioned between the medulla and
midbrain, appearing as a rounded
bulge
Pons
122
Composed of nerve fiber tracts that
bridge the cerebellum with the
brainstem.
Pons
123
Contains nerve tracts running
longitudinally and transversely
Pons
124
* Located above the pons, it’s the
smallest region of the brainstem.
* Contains important neural tracts
linking the cerebrum and spinal cord
Midbrain
125
Contains structures such as the
____ and ____ that
contribute to visual and auditory
processing pathways.
tectum and tegmentum
126
Contains important neural tracts linking the cerebrum and spinal cord
Midbrain
126
Situated posterior to the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes of the
cerebrum.
Cerebellum
127
The dorsal part of the midbrain consists of 4 mounds of tissue called the?
Colliculi
128
The two -- colliculi are major relay centers for the auditory nerve pathways in the CNS.
inferior
129
The two -- colliculi are involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input.
Superior
130
The cerebellum, is attached to the brain stem by several large connections called?
Cerebullar peduncles
131
Characterized by its highly folded surface, called___, which increases
surface area.
cerebellum, folia
132
The cerebellum is composed of two hemispheres connected by the - - with a cortex of gray matter.
Vermis
133
Located centrally, just above the brainstem,
enclosed by the cerebrum.
Diancephalon
134
diencephalon consists of (3).
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
135
Egg-shaped masses forming lateral walls of the diencephalon
Thalamus
136
Small, cone -shaped region below the thalamus
Hypothalamus
137
Thin posterior structure housing the pineal gland.
Epithalamus
138
Largest part of the diancephalon
Thalamus
139
The lateral parts of the thalamus are connected in the center by a small?
Interthalamic adhesion
140
Situated below the thalamus, forms the floor of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
141
Largest brain region occupying most of the cranial cavity.
Cerebrum
142
The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres connected by the ?
corpus callosum
143
winkled outer layer of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
144
rich in neuron cell bodies (gray matter)
cerebral cortex
145
The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres by the?
longitudinal fissure
146
elevated ridges, increasing surface area
Gyri
147
Shallow grooves separating gyri
sulci
148
Deeper grooves, such as the longitudinal fissure which divides the two hemispheres
Fissures
149
4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Temporal lobe
150
Manages voluntary movement, reasoning, problem solving, and personality.
frontal lobe
151
Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain
Parietal lobe
152
The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the?
central sulcus
153
Dedicated to visual processing and interpretation
occipital lobe
154
Involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory
temporal lobe
155
Most of the femoral lobe is separated from the rest of the cerebrum by the?
Lateral fissure
156
Deep within the lateral fissure is the ___ often referred to as the fifth lobe, which is involved in the perception of taste.
insula
157
anterior and posterior portions of the temporal lobe is called the ___ with functions such as abstract thought and judgement.
psychic cortex
158
are three protective
layers surrounding the brain and
spinal cord
Meninges
159
3 meninges
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater
160
These layers are situated between
the skull and brain, providing a
supportive framework
Meninges
161
The outermost layer, is dense and tough, providing a durable
protective covering.
Dura Mater
162
2 layers of the dura mater
1. periosteal layer
2. meningeal layer
163
layer of the dura mater that is attached to the skull
periosteal layer
164
layer of the dura mater that is closer to the brain
meningeal layer
165
The meningeal layer extends into the brain to form partitions, such as the
___ between the hemispheres
falx cerebri
166
is the middle meningeal layer, lying below the dura
mater.
Arachnoid mater
167
space between dura mater and vertebrae
epidural space
168
Thin and web-like, it spans over the brain but doesn’t follow brain
contours closely.
Arachnoid Mater
169
The subarachnoid space lies beneath the ____, containing web-like projections
and bridging veins
arachnoid mater
170
The innermost meningeal layer, is thin and delicate, closely
adhering to the brain and spinal cord’s surface.
pia mater
171
* Follows the brain's contours, dipping into sulci and fissures.
* Rich in small blood vessels that supply the underlying neural tissue
Pia Mater
172
space between dura mater and the arachnoid mater
subdural space
173
space between arachnoid mater and the pia mater
subarachnoid space
174
Fluid-filled cavities of the CNS
Brain Ventricles
175
Two large C-shaped ventricles
located in each cerebral hemisphere
Lateral ventricles
176
Narrow space in the
diencephalon, connected to lateral ventricles via the
**foramen of Monro**
Third ventricle
177
lies between the brainstem and
cerebellum, connecting to the central canal of the
spinal cord.
Fourth ventricle
178
connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle,
allowing CSF flow between these chambers.
cerebral aqueduct
179
Extending from the fourth ventricle, the __ runs down the center of the spinal cord,
carrying CSF along its length
central canal
180
Produce CSF
| `
choroid plexus
181
located in the ventricles and are composed of ependmal cells and blood vessels
that filter plasma to create CSF
choroid plexus
182
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via the ____.
foramen of Monro
183
CSF Moves from the third to the fourth ventricle through the ___
cerebral aqueduct
184
From the fourth ventricle, CSF enters the subarachnoid space around the
brain and spinal cord via ___
lateral and median apertures
185
CSF is gradually reabsorbed into the venous bloodstream through
arachnoid granulations into the
dural venous sinuses
186
The largest collection points are found in the ____,
which facilitates continuous CSF flow and renewal.
superior sagittal sinus
