Nervous System Topography and Organization

Question 1

What is the basic function of the Nervous System?

Answer 1

1Sensation= detect outside changes/events that occur

#2 Integration= interpret stimuli coming from an outside source and determines the appropriate response
#3 Reation= response to that outside stimuli(motor pathway to muscles/glands)

Question 2

Central Nervous System referes to ?

Answer 2

Brain, Spinal cord and Cerebellum

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System refers to ?

Answer 3

Cranial Nerves (12) and Spinal Nerves (31)

Meaning= the wires coming out of the CNS

Question 4

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 4

12 in total paired up (thus 24 nerves singled up)

Question 5

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 5

31in total paired up (thus 62 nerves singled up)

Question 6

Peripheral Nervous System includes which 2 type of neurons?

Answer 6

Sensory neurons= sense things in sensory organs and transmit info to CNS (sensory organs ->CNS0

Motor neurons= after interpretating the stimuli in CNS, motor neurons contact the effector organs to produce a reaction (CNS-> effector muscles/glands/organs)

Question 7

Motor neurons (motor innervation) divides into ?

Answer 7

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System=controls Voluntary movements/responses

Autonomic Nervous System =controls Involuntary movements/responses

Question 8

Autonomic Nervous System divides into?

Answer 8

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic=fight or flight

Parasympathetic=rest and digest

Question 9

How much in average does the brain weigh?

Answer 9

1400 grams (usually weighs more in male, but weight does not correlate with intelligence)

Question 10

When people create synapsis, what happens?

Answer 10

you create channels of neurons of the specific task and you will remember it throughout your life

Question 11

What divides the Brain into 2 Hemispheres? Right and Left Hemisphere

Answer 11

Falx Cerebri ( structure formed by the invagination of the dura mater creating longitudinal fissure)

Question 12

What hormone is important for brain function? What can cause hormone to be decreased thus not allowing fully functioning of the brain?

Answer 12

Cortisol

Which can be decreased by STRESS

Question 13

What are the barries of the brain?

Answer 13

Skull bones, meninges (Pia mater,arachnoid,dura mater) and Cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 14

Dura mater has 3 major reflections?

Answer 14

Falx cerebri (vertical reflection)
Tentorium cerebelli (horizontal reflection)
Falx cerebelli (vertical reflection)

(which separate components of the brain)

Question 15

What is the Tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 15

horizontal reflection that is located in the posterior fossa of the cerebral hemispheres and separated the cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum

Question 16

What is the Falx cerebelli?

Answer 16

vertical reflection.
Separates INCOMPLETELY 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Question 17

What is the cerebellum important?

Answer 17

mainly for balance

Question 18

Arachnoid mater?

Answer 18

-nonvascular mebrane of mesothelium
-contains a weblike- trabecula
-located under pia mater

Question 19

Pia mater?

Answer 19

-translucent membrane
-direct adhered to the brain

Question 20

Where are the blood vessels of the brain located? In what layer are they located ?

Answer 20

in the Pia Mater

Question 21

What occurs if the meninges get infected?

Answer 21

Meningititis (requires inmediate medical attention)

Question 22

How can you confirm that there is an infection between the CNS?

Answer 22

Perform a Spinal tab (procedure to verify CSF)

Question 23

What does the cerebrum form?

Answer 23

Right/Left hemispheres (separated by a median longitudinal fissure)

Question 24

Cerebrum contains gray matter/ white matter. What is the difference?

Answer 24

Gray matter= outer cerebral cortex. Contains neurons (butterfly shape)
White matter= inner cerebral cortex. Contains mylenated axons

Question 25

What is the division above the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?

Answer 25

Supratentorial *Supratentorial tumors= common in adults

Question 26

What is the division below the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?

Answer 26

Infratentorial *Infratentorial tumors=common in children

Question 27

Why is frontal lobe important? What does it control?

Answer 27

Motion,Speech,Personality, Judgement, Control of impulses

Question 28

What is the difference between sulcus vs fissure?

Answer 28

Sulcus=is more deeper than the fissure

Question 29

Central sulcus divides which 2 lobes?

Answer 29

Frontal from the Parietal

Question 30

Frontal lobe contains the pre-central sulcus, which ?

Answer 30

contains motor function

Question 31

Parietal lobe contains the post-central sulcus, which ?

Answer 31

contains sensory function

Question 32

Lateral sulcus divides which 2 lobes?

Answer 32

frontal from the temporal

Question 33

Brain stem divides into?

Answer 33

-mesenceohalo(mid brain) -pons -medulla oblongata

Question 34

Why is the medulla oblongata important? Why do we you use a neck brace when there is an accident and the spinal cord can be affected?

Answer 34

contains neurons important for: breathing,heart function, peristalsis function

Question 35

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 35

-contains axon that extend from one hemisphere to the other. -provides communication in between each hemispheres

Question 36

What are Commissural fibers ?

Answer 36

fibers that interconnect 2 hemispheres ej: corpus callosum

Question 37

What are Projection fibers?

Answer 37

fibers that connect cortex(gray matter) to brain stem and spinal cord

Question 38

What are Association fibers?

Answer 38

fibers that connect within the same lobe/region

Question 39

What is a basal ganglia?

Answer 39

-cluster of neurons inbedded within white matter -control fine- tunne movements - contains thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra nucleus

Question 40

What are the Brain ventricles?

Answer 40

Lateral ventricle Thrid ventricle Fourth ventricle

Question 41

How are the ventricles called when they extend towards the spinal cord/brain stem?

Answer 41

ependymals

Question 42

What can be used as an anatomical reference for thalamus?

Answer 42

thrid ventricle

Question 43

What is the Frontal lobe in charge of ?

Answer 43

-largest lobe and front lobe -Executive processing -Prospective memory(remembering plans) -Speech -Language -Movement control -Personality -Impulse control -decision making -emotional regulation -related to learning,creativity and reasoning

Question 44

What is the Parietal lobe in charge of ?

Answer 44

-posterior to frontal lobe and superior to temporal lobe -Visualspatial processing -anterior parietal=contains primary sensory cortex (responsible for interpreting signals like:touch,position,vibration,pressure,pain,temperature) -posterior parietal=contains association sensory areas (divides into superior parietal and inferior parietal) -Functions: sensoring planing,spatial recognition,language,smell,hearing,taste,touch),

Question 45

What happens if there is a lesion involving the primary neurons of the parietal lobe?

Answer 45

There is a deficit on sensation (primary neurons are super strong and do 100% of the work)

Question 46

What happens if there is a lesion involving the secondary neurons of the parietal lobe?

Answer 46

Primary neurons corrects damage (sencondary neurons help primary neurons thus primary will act as backup)

Question 47

What is the Temporal lobe in charge of ?

Answer 47

-lower part of lateral brain -contains hypocampus -Functions: recognition,memory,semantic retrieval,sound recognition,short-term memory,face recognition

Question 48

What is the Occipatl lobe in charge of ?

Answer 48

-smallest lobe -located in the posterior region of the brain -Function: interpretation, visual processing, recognition of color, shapes