Nervous systems and drugs

Question 1

Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

noradrenaline
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
glutamate

Question 2

examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 2

GABA

glycine

Question 3

types of drugs that mainly act on nervous system

Answer 3

1. anaesthetics
2. anxiolytic/hypnotic
3. neuromusculars blocking drugs
4. antidepressant drugs
5. antiparkinsonian
6. anticolvusants

Question 4

how are anaesthetics administered?

Answer 4

Intravenously

inhalation

Question 5

why are anaesthetics?

Answer 5

to promote analgesia, unconciousness, amnesia, loss of reflexes

Question 6

how do anaesthetics work?

Answer 6

they promote insensitivity via crossing blood-brain barrier (as they are lipid soluble). they can affect neurone excitability via binding to receptors and can affect ion channels

Question 7

side effects of anaesthetics

Answer 7

nausea/cvomiting
shallow/rapid rbeathing
crosses placenta
loss of temperature control

Question 8

what are the 4 stages of anaesthetics?

Answer 8

stage 1- analgesia
stage 2- excitement
stage 3- surgical anaesthesia via skeletal relaxation and loss of reflexes
stage 4- medullary paralysis> loss of respiratory/ vasomotor control

Question 9

what the types of general anaesthetics?

Answer 9

barbiturates
gases
non-barbiturate
volatile liquids

Question 10

what is nitrous oxide use for?

Answer 10

for maintaining anaesthesia with oxygen

its a potent analgesic

Question 11

other examples of inhaled anaesthetics?

Answer 11

isoflurane
desflurane
sevoflurane

Question 12

what the commonly used intravenously administered drugs?

Answer 12

propofol-non barbiturate

thiopental- barbiturate

Question 13

advantages of propofol

Answer 13

rapid action and rapid recovery

Question 14

disadvantages of propofol?

Answer 14

may cause convulsions

Question 15

advantages of thiopental?

Answer 15

useful for brief procedures

Question 16

disadvantages of thiopental?

Answer 16

rapid awakening

Question 17

other examples of anaesthetics?

Answer 17

etomidate- it causes no hangover effect and less hypotension but causes muscle movements and suppresses the adrenocortical function
ketamine- used to shock patients. it increases blood pressure and heart rate and causes bad hallucinations and bad dreams

Question 18

what are anxiolytics/hypnotics drugs?

Answer 18

benxodiazepines

Question 19

what does increasing doses of benzodiazepines do?

Answer 19

anxiety> sedation> hypnosis

Question 20

examples of hypnotic drugs

Answer 20

midazolam
temazepam
diazepam

Question 21

advantages of hypnotic drugs?

Answer 21

causes amnesia

does no cause excessive sedation in low doses

Question 22

disadvantages of hypnotic drugs?

Answer 22

no analgesic effect
causes constipation/hypotension
may lead to dependence
causes respiratory depression
crosses placenta
it interacts with alcohol

Question 23

What are neuromuscular blocking drugs?

Answer 23

muscle relaxantts

Question 24

what do neuromuscular blocking drugs do?

Answer 24

they block transmission in motor nerves
causes deep anaesthesia
relaxes vocal cords to allow endoscopy

Question 25

disadvantage of neuromuscular drugs?

Answer 25

it prolongs muscle paralysis/pain | causes brochospasm due to histamine release

Question 26

what are non-depolarising drugs?

Answer 26

acetylecholine antagonist

Question 27

what are depolarising drugs?

Answer 27

acetylecholine agonist

Question 28

what to use to reverse effects of non-depolarising drugs?

Answer 28

administer drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase e.g. neostigmine

Question 29

what is pseudocholinesterase?

Answer 29

it metabolises suxamethonium (acetylcholine agonist)

Question 30

what do narcotic analgesics do?

Answer 30

they act on the opioid receptors in CNS to relieve pain

Question 31

examples of narcotic analgesics

Answer 31

fentanyl alfentanil remifentanil morphine

Question 32

disadvantages of narcotics?

Answer 32

causes nausea/vomiting reduces breathing rate can be addictive

Question 33

what are local anaesthetics use for?

Answer 33

for minor procedures for analgesia and paralysis

Question 34

mechanism of anaesthetics

Answer 34

block transmission of nerve impulses from nociceptors (pain receptors) via blocking entry of sodium ions through voltages gated channels

Question 35

common methods of administration of anaesthetics?

Answer 35

epidural | intradermal and topical to relieve superficial pain/irritations

Question 36

commonly used anaesthetics

Answer 36

lidocaine- use in dentak surgery and stud 100 (treatment for premature ejaculation) prilocaine- in creams

Question 37

adverse effects of anaesthetics?

Answer 37

abnormal heart beat convulsions cardiorespiratory arrest hypersentivity

Question 38

what are vasoconstrictors use for?

Answer 38

prolong drug action and enhance potency reduces toxicity reduces blood loss

Question 39

examples of vasoconstrictors

Answer 39

adrenaline | felypressin

Question 40

what do antidepressants do?

Answer 40

increase excitatory neurotransmitters levels in brain

Question 41

what do antiparkinsonians do?

Answer 41

increase levels of dopamine

Question 42

what do anticonvulsants do?

Answer 42

treatment for epilepsy via reducing conduction of excitatory nerve impulses or/and increases GABA activity

Question 43

3 types of antidepressants?

Answer 43

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs)

Question 44

tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors mechanism?

Answer 44

blocks reuptake of receptor

Question 45

what do monoamine oxidase inhibitor do?

Answer 45

blocks enzymes from breaking down the neurotransmitters