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Human Anatomy Midterm 2 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

A study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurology

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2
Q

The brain and cranial nerves (and their branches)
Spinal cord & spinal nerves (and their branches)
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses and sensory receptors
All the above make up the ___________

A

Human nervous system

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3
Q

A Bundle of axons is called

A

Nerve

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4
Q

What are small masses of nervous tissue (neuron cell bodies) outside
the brain & spinal cord called

A

Ganglia

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5
Q

The networks of neurons located in the walls of GI tract organs;

A

Enteric plexuses

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6
Q

What helps regulate digestive system activities?

A

Enteric plexuses

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7
Q

What are the swellings/knots found outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglion

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8
Q

What are specialized nerve endings?

A

Sensory receptors

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9
Q

CNS is made of _________ and ____________

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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10
Q

PNS is made up of _______, ________ an d __________

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
ganglia

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11
Q

Brain contains _______ neurons

A

85 billion

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12
Q

The spinal cord contains ____neurons

A

100 million

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13
Q

There are ____ cranial nerves and they emerge from ______

A
  1. Brain
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14
Q

There are ____ spinal nerves and they emerge from ______

A
  1. Spinal cord
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15
Q

______ detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS

A

Sensory nervous system

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16
Q

Sensory nervous system is divided into 2 namely:

A

Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory

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17
Q

________ initiates and transmits information from the CNS to the effectors

A

Motor nervous system

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18
Q

Motor nervous system is broken down into 2 parts namely:

A

Somatic motor
Autonomic motor

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19
Q

The sensory and motor nervous system, both with CNS and
PNS components perform three general functions

A
  1. Collect information: Receptors in PNS detect changes in the environment; and pass information on to CNS.
  2. Process and evaluate information: CNS determines a required response
  3. Initiate response: CNS initiates impulses (rapid movements of an electrical charge) that PNS carries to effectors (muscles or glands) to react to changes in the environment
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20
Q

Sensory nervous system carries ____1____neurons and receives info from ___2___ to ____3____

A
  1. Afferent neurons
  2. PNS
  3. CNS
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21
Q

Which sensory system controls
the general senses like touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

A

Somatic sensory

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22
Q

which sensory controls impulses from blood vessels and viscera

A

Visceral Sensory

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23
Q

Motor nervous system uese ____1____neurons and sends info from ___2___ to ____3____

A
  1. Efferent neurons
  2. CNS
  3. thro PNS to muscles & glands
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24
Q

Which motor is voluntary; and conducts impulses that cause contraction of skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor (somatic nervous system; SNS):

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25
Q

Which motor is involuntary; conducts impulses that regulate smooth and cardiac muscle, as well as glands

A

Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system; ANS):

26
Q

What detects stimuli in the internal & external environments, resulting in sensory information being transmitted by sensory or afferent neurons to the brain or spinal cord?

A

Sensory receptors

27
Q

What analyzes the sensory information to provide perception, storing some of it, and making decisions regarding appropriate behaviors?

A

Integrative function (interneurons):

28
Q

What responds to integration decisions by initiating actions in effectors, including muscle fibers and glandular cells?

A

Motor function (motor/efferent neurons):

29
Q

Which voluntary branch of SNS conveys information from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and for the special senses (vision, hearing, taste, and smell) to the CNS.

A

Somatic sensory neurons

30
Q

Which voluntary branch of SNS conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscles only, and are involved in the output of information from the CNS that results in a muscular contraction?

A

Somatic motor neurons

31
Q

Which voluntary branch of ANS conveys information mainly from visceral organs (smooth muscle organs in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) to the CNS.

A

autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons

32
Q

Which voluntary branch of ANS conveys information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands and cause the muscles to contract and the glands to secrete

A

Autonomic motor neurons

33
Q

What is called the “brain of the gut”.

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

34
Q

ENS consists of over _______ neurons that occur throughout most of the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

A

100 million

35
Q

Which part of ENS monitors chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its walls?

A

ENS sensory neurons

36
Q

Which part of ENS governs the contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions of acid from the stomach, and endocrine cells, which secrete hormones

A

ENS motor neurons

37
Q

Nervous tissue is a vascular tissue comprised of two types of cells, namely?

A

Neurons
Neuroglia.

38
Q

What are the highly specialized cells? They cannot undergo mitotic divisions. Are electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

39
Q

What are the non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons. they supports, nourishes, protects neurons, and maintains the interstitial fluid that bathes them.
They continue to divide throughout an individual’s lifetime (mitotic)

A

Neuroglia

40
Q

Brain tumors are more likely to be derived from ________ than neurons.

A

glial cells

41
Q

Is Glial cells found in both CNS & PNS? Yes or No

A

Yes

42
Q

Neuroglia/Glial cells under CNS are

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
43
Q

Neuroglia/Glial cells under PNS are

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Neurolemmocytes
  3. Satellite cells
44
Q

Astrocytes are of 2 types

A
  1. Protoplasmic astrocytes (gray matter)
  2. Fibrous astrocytes (white matter)
45
Q

Functions of Astrocytes:

A
  1. Help form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  2. Regulate tissue fluid composition
  3. Form a structural network
  4. Replace damaged neurons
  5. Assist neuronal development
  6. Help regulate synaptic transmission
  7. Change synapse numbers
46
Q

what helps produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and helps form choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal cells

47
Q

___________ originate in red bone marrow and migrate into the CNS as it develops.

A

Microglia

48
Q

Microglia function as ________and they remove cellular debris, microbes and damaged nervous tissue.

A

‘phagocytes’,

49
Q

Associated with CNS axons only, Produce myelin, which is an insulator of electrical activity…

A

Oligodendrocytes

50
Q

______________ surrounds axons and cell bodies.

A

Neuroglia of the PNS

51
Q

_________ surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

52
Q

___________ encircle PNS axons and form the myelin sheath around axons.

A

Schwann cells

53
Q

_____________ is located at the end of the axon and is involved in transmitting signals to other cells at synapses.

A

the axon terminal

54
Q

__________ transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body and toward other cells

A

An axon

55
Q

The region where the axon connects to the cell body is the _________

A

Axon hillock

56
Q

_________ vary in shape, but most have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

A

Neurons

57
Q

_________ receive signals and transfer them to the cell body

A

Dendrites

58
Q

free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum make up the ________________

A

Chromatophilic substance

59
Q

Cell body contains several organelles such as

A

Nucleus with nucleolus
Mitochondria
Chromatophilic substance

60
Q
  • High metabolic rate
  • Extreme longevity
  • Nonmitotic
  • Excitable (respond to a stimulus)
  • Conductive (propagate electrical signal)
    These are characteristics of _______
A

Neuron

61
Q

______________ is a specialized region at the beginning of the axon, close to the cell body, where action potentials are initiated

A

the axon hillock

Human Anatomy Midterm 2 (8 decks)

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