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BIOL1593 Final- specific material > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory, integrative, motor

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2
Q

Describe the sensory function of the nervous system

A

Sensory receptors detect changes in the internal or external environment, and the information is relayed to sensory neurons

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3
Q

Describe the integrative function of the nervous system

A

To analyze the sensory information, store some aspects of it, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors. Interneurons serve this function

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4
Q

Describe the motor function of the nervous system

A

Motor neurons receive input and respond to stimuli by initiating action. It can be voluntary or involuntary.

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5
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus, and sensory receptors

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6
Q

Describe the higher level of organization of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is composed of the rest. It is separated into somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The motor part of the ANS is divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

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7
Q

How many cranial nerves emerge from the base of the brain, and what is called the stucture they emerge from?

A

12, the foramina of the skull

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8
Q

Define a nerve

A

A bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each with courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body.

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9
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

It connects the brain through the foramen magnum of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column

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10
Q

How many pairs of nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

A

31

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11
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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12
Q

What are called the equivalent of ganglia in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

What is the use of enteric plexuses?

A

Regulate the digestive system

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14
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Parts of neurons, or specialized cells that monitor changes in the internal or external environement

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15
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system ?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves with sensory and motor components, ganglia and sensory receptors

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16
Q

What are other names for sensory and motor neurons?

A

Afferent and efferent

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17
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Neurons that conduct impulses from cutaneous and special senses receptors to the CNS, and motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue

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18
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system

A

Contains sensory neurons from the visceral organs, and motor neurons that convey impulses from CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and glands.

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19
Q

What nervous system is related to homeostasis control?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

Describe the enteric nervous system

A

Neurons in the enteric plexus that extend the length of the gastrointestinal tract, which function mostly independently from the ANS and CNS. Sensory neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes in the GI tract, whereas the motor neurons govern the contractions of GI tract organs and the activity of the GI tract endocrine cells.

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21
Q

What are the main components of neurons?

A

A cell body, many dendrites, and an axon

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22
Q

What is the main property of neurons?

A

Excitability

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23
Q

What is contained in the cell body of a neuron?

A

Nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, a golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils that form the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Conduct impulses from receptors, or to other neuron’s cell bodies

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25
What does the axon do?
Conduct nerve impulses from a neuron to the dendrites, or to the cell body of another neuron, or to an effector organ of the body
26
What is a synapse?
The site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector
27
What are called bundles of axons in the PNS and the CNS?
Nerve, and tract
28
What are neuroglia?
specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce the myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis
29
What are the six types of neuroglia with their function and their location
Astrocytes, CNS, blood-brain barrier and support. Oligodendrocytes, CNS, support, myelin sheath production. Microglia, phagocytes, immune surveillance, CNS. Ependymal cells, cerebrospinal fluid, CNS. Schwann cells, myelin production, PNS. Satellite cells, support, PNS.
30
What is the myelin sheath?
A multilayer of lipid and protein produced by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
31
What are the functions of myelin?
insulate the axon and increase the conduction speed
32
How does the sheath of Schwann cells help neuronal regeneration?
By forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates the regrowth of the axon
33
What are called the gaps in the myelin sheath?
Nodes of Ranvier
34
What is the difference between the sheaths from oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Shwann cells have one cell per sheath, and they are wrapped around the axon with the cell body tucked on one side. Oligodendrocytes have a cell body away from the axon, and cover multiple sheaths for each cell.
35
What is white matter composed of?
Aggregations of myelinated processes, and some unmyelinated.
36
What is grey matter composed of?
Nerve cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
37
How is gray matter distributer in the spinal cord and brain?
In an H shape inner core in the spinal cord surrounded by white matter, and a thin outer shell of gray matter covers the cerebral hemispheres in the brain.
38
Describe a graded potential
A small local change in the cell membrane, proportional to the stimulus, occuring in the dendrites.
39
What are the cellular properties that permit communication among neurons and effectors?
- Transmembrane polarity called resting membrane potential - Presence of both gated, and non gated ion channels
40
Describe the conditions that allow the resting membrane potential to remain stable
1. Membrane non permable to ions 2. Na/K pump that pumps three Na out for 2 K in, balancing Na leakage channels into the cell 3. Cytosol and inner leaflet of membrane containing lots of anions in the form of protein
41
What is the difference between a leakage and gated channels?
Leakage channels are always opened and are randomly opening and closing. Gated channels respond to a stimulus to open or close
42
Waht are the types of gated channels important in graded or action potentials?
Ligand-gated (usually neurotransmitters), voltage gated, and mechanically gated (usually touch receptors)
43
Describe the 8 steps to responding to a stimulus.
1. Sensory receptors perceive a stimulus. 2. If the graded potential is strong enough, it initiates an action potential at the initial segment of the axon of a sensory neuron. 3. Axon of the peripheral sensory neuron enters the spinal cord and contacts a neuron in the grey matter using a graded potential. 4. Action potential is initiated in the interneuron and travels to the thalamus, then passes it to other interneurons. 5. Sensory pathway ends when the signal enters the cortex. 6. Integration with interneurons in the cortex happens, and a motor command is sent from the frontal cortex. 7. The upper motor neurons send action potential to the spinal cord. The target is the dendrites of the lower motor neurons in the grey matter of spinal cord. 8. The axon of lower motor neurons connect to neuromuscular junctions to cause contractions of the target muscle.
44
What is a typical value for a resting membrane potential?
-70mV
45
What is an action potential?
A sequence of rapidly occuring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential, followed by the restoration of the resting membrane potential.
46
What are the steps of an action potential?
Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to resting state.
47
What is a typical threshold value?
-55mV
48
List the steps involved in the creation of an action potential
1. Ligand gated channel lets Na or Ca ions flow in after connecting to a neurotransmitterm which creates the initial depolarization. 2. If net influx of positive charge exceeds the threshold value, the voltage gated ion channels open, which triggers a flow of Na ions in the cell, and the voltage depolarized to 30 mV. 3. At this value, the voltage gated channels inactivate and block the entrance of Na ions. This is the absolute refractory period. 4. Meanwhile, the K ion channels open and they flow out of the cell, which causes repolarization. Na/K pumps also contribute to repolarization, which causes hyperpolarization. 5. When the voltage is back to resting state, the volage gated channels close, but the K channels are still opened. This is the relative refractory period, where a large stimulus would be required to create another action potential. 6. The action potential, and refractory periods end when the K channels close.
49
Is the strength of the stimulus related to the strength of the action potential?
No
50
What are the two types of conduction in an axon?
Continuous conduction, and saltatory conduction
51
Describe continuous conduction
Step by step depolarization of each adjacent area of the plasma membrane by opening of voltage gated ion channels.
52
Describe saltatory conduction
In myelinated axons, the impulse effectively jumps from Ranvier node to Ranvier node
53
What are the factors influencing propagation speed in neurons?
- Width of the fibers (large fibers are faster) - Myelinazation (myelinated fibers are faster) -Temperature (warmed fibers are faster)
54
What happens when the potassium levels outside the cell are very elevated?
If it's not too elevated, the Na/K pumps can help restoring the balance. Astrocytes are also equipped to do so to aid the pumps, but in extreme cases, they swell up, and their ability to maintain equilibrium is affected. The pumps do not work properly, and Na ions can even leak into the cell, and the internal chemistry cannot function properly.
55
Discuss the events of signal transmission at a synapse
1. Impulse arrive at the end bulb of an axon 2. Calcium channels open to the end bulb, calcium flows in 3. Aided by calcium, neurotransmitters are released in to the synaptic cleft using exocytosis 4. Neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors and open ion channels 5. Open channels allow other ions to enter and trigger a proces in postsynaptic neuron 6. neurotranmitters are removed from synaptic cleft
56
Name the ways neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft
1. Diffusion 2. Enzymatic degradation 3. Uptake into cells (neurons and glia)
57
What makes a neuron excitatory or inhibitory?
The effect of the neurotransmittor on the receptor of the postsynaptic cell. Some neurotransmittors will be excitatory, some inhibitory.
58
Name some important neurotransmittors
acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
59
What are the two main types of neurotransmitters?
small molecules or neuropeptides
60
What are the ways we can modify neurotransmitters?
stimulating or inhibiting synthesis, blocking or enhancing the release, stimulating or inhibiting removal, blocking/activating receptor site
61
What are the categories of small molecule neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, ATP, other purines and gases
62
What are neuropeptides?
Neurotransmitters composed of aminoacids linked by peptide bonds.

BIOL1593 Final- specific material (4 decks)

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