nes subtest 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a phoneme?
A
the individual sounds that make up words. ex “gh, o, s, t”
2
Q
what is a graphemes?
A
the individual letters or groups of letters that represent the individual speech sounds
3
Q
what is the purpose of writ of habeas corpus?
A
protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment
4
Q
what is phonological awareness
A
an understanding that words are composed of sound units and sound units can be combined to form words
5
Q
what is phonemic awareness
A
refers to the ability to focus on, hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes
6
Q
phoneme isolation
A
recognizing the individual sounds in words
7
Q
phoneme substitution
A
turning one word into another by substituting one phoneme for another
8
Q
oral segmenting
A
identifying the individual sounds of a word
9
Q
oral blending
A
being able to blend phonemes into words
10
Q
phoneme deletion
A
being able to identify a sound that has been deleted from a word
11
Q
environmental print
A
prints such as logos or stores
12
Q
affix
A
is a word that can be added to a root word or a base word to add new meaning
13
Q
prefix
A
stem or occurs at the beginning of a word ex. pre-determine
14
Q
suffix
A
occurs at the end of the base word ex. wonder-ful
15
Q
prosodic reading
A
reading with expression
16
Q
morphemic analysis
A
ability to identity meaningful parts of words using prefixes, suffices and roots
17
Q
word chain
A
consists of words of a certain category that begin with the letter, that the previous word ended with
18
Q
figurative language
A
going beyond the literal meaning of words to describe something
19
Q
simile
A
a figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things ex. life is like a box of chocolates
20
Q
metaphor
A
figure of speech that involves an implicit comparison of one thing with another word or phrase unlike itself; the comparison is not preceded by like or as
ex. the river was a silk ribbon
21
Q
allegory
A
a form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions are equated with meanings that have moral, social, religious, or political significance. characters are often personifications if such abstract ideas as charity, greed or envy.
ex. The Hare and the tortoise
22
Q
alliteration
A
the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession
ex. peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
23
Q
personification
A
a figure of speed in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities
ex. the daffodils nodded their heads at the baby bunny
24
Q
onomatopoeia
A
the use of words that imitate the sound that they describe
ex. boom, munch, boo-hoo
25
hyperbole
a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. it is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point.
ex. i’m so hungry i could eat a horse
26
mood
the feeling that literary work creates for the reader
27
foreshadowing
a hint of things to come later in the story
28
flashback
interjected scene that depicts an event that happened in the last
29
irony
a situation or event resulting in the opposite of what might be expected
30
euphemism
an agreeable word or expression substituted for one that is potentially offensive
ex. shell shocked vs. ptsd
31
folktales
seek to explain things about life, nature or the human condition
32
fables
short stories with moral ending, intended to teach lessons about life
33
legends
tales about heroes and are rooted in historical events
34
myths
stories that grew out of peoples need to understand and explain the world around them
35
narrative writing
retell familiar stories, write sequels or new exposures for favorite characters, or compose original stories.
36
expository writing
requires students to explain or share information in reports, posters, diagrams or charts
37
descriptive writing
requires students to create a vivid impression of a person, place or event by painting a picture of it with words, creating a sensory image for readers
38
persuasive writing
requires students to express an opinion, argue a point, of influence a belief
always supports the logic of an argument with evidence and is meant to sway the opinion of readers
39
intrapersonal communication
communicating with oneself
| ex. thought processing, personal decision making, self-talk, listening and determining self concept
40
interpersonal communication
communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship
ex. verbal communication - small group conversations, interviews, informal conversations
ex. written communication -email, letters
ex. nonverbal - gestures, vocal intonation
41
academic communication
formal classroom talk intended to inform or persuade (focused on academic content, information or instructions)
42
verb
a word that shows action or state of being
| ex. run, jump and is, was
43
adverb
modifies verbs, adjectives, and adverbs usually ending in -ly
ex. gladly, slowly
44
noun
a word that names a person, place or thing
| ex. child, Portland, hammer
45
proper noun
begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific person or place
46
pronoun
a word that can be used in place of a noun to prevent repetition
ex. I, you, she
47
adjective
a word that modifies or gives information about a noun or pronoun
ex. yellow jacket or tall building
48
preposition
a word that shows relationship amongs nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence - direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount
ex. to, under, by
49
conjunction
a word that connects other phrases or words
| ex. and, or, but
50
interjection
a word that conveys emotion
| ex. Wow! Ouch!
51
apostrophe
to show possession, to take the place of missing letters in contractions and to form plurals of letters and numerals
52
colon
after greeting in a business letter, to introduce a list, or to introduce a direct quotation
53
commas
to separate three or more items in a list; separate adjectives that modify the same noun; between a city and a state; between the day and year in a date; after greeting and closing of a friendly letter; direct quotation in the middle of a sentence
54
dash
to seperate and stress elements in a sentence, after an interrupted or unfinished statement of thought, or to introduce a list of items
55
ellipsis
three dots in a row to replace words that have been left out
56
hyphen
to break a word between syllables at the end of a line, in two part numbers ex. twenty-one
57
public policy
things government does- taxation, defense, education, crime, healthcare, etc
58
legislative
the power to create laws
| carry out public policy
59
executive
the power to administer the law
60
judicial
the power to interpret laws and settle disputes
61
authoritarian
ultimate responsibility for except using these powers is assigned to the people or small group
62
democracy
the responsibility for exercising these powers is assigned to the people
63
autocracies
a system of government by one person with absolute power
64
oligarchies
a small group of people having most or all the political power
65
direct democracy
public policy established by the people themselves
effective in small communities
66
indirect democracy
the people choose a small group to act as their representatives to carry out the policies of government
67
congress
made up of two chambers, the senate and the house of reps
68
federalism
the sharing or power among the national, state, and local governments
69
amendment 1
freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to assemble and petition the government
70
amendment 2
right to bear arms
71
admendment 3
freedom from quartering soldiers
72
amendment 4
freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, warrants much be issued on probable cause and specific
73
admendment 5
criminal indictments must be by grand jury; freedoms from double jeopardy; from testifying against oneself; right to due process; a right of compensation for takings
74
amendment 6
right to speedy trial, right to impartial jury, right to be informed of the charges, right to face accusers, right to produce witnesses and right to legal counsel
75
amendment 7
right to jury trial in civil cases
76
amendment 8
freedom from excessive bail or fines, freedom from cruel or unusual punishment
77
monarchy
a government ruled by king or queen (emperor) of a certain state or territory
78
dictatorship
a form of government in which a single ruler wields absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws
79
totalitarianism
a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population, as well as political and economic matters
80
anarchy
a condition of lawless or political disorder brought by the absence of government
81
epoch
the smallest division of geologic time
82
paradox of participation
democracy will cease to exist if we do no not
83
inferences
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
84
deductive reasoning
logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true
85
inductive reasoning
a method of drawing conclusions by going firm the specific to the general
86
which prompted the gulf war
iraq’s invasion of kuwait
87
social sciences
the scientific study of human society and social relationships
ex. sociology, psychology and anthropology
88
semicolon
to join two related independent clauses in place of a comma and a coordinating conjuction
89
mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading
90
scarity
when needs and wants exceed the resources available to meet them
91
choice (economic choice)
when one makes economic decisions, alternatives must be considered because of limited resources
92
opportunity cost
next best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made
93
goods
physical, tangible products used to satisfy people’s wants and needs
94
services
activities that provide direct satisfaction of wants and needs
ex. info, entertainment
95
resources
the labor, capital, land and entrepreneurship used to produce goods and services
96
natural resources
“gifts of nature”
| ex. land, water, wildlife
97
barter
the direct trading of goods and services with one another without the use of money
98
profit
the different between revenue and cost of production
99
interdependence
decisions by Business A affect the decisions of other businesses and the decisions of other businesses affect Business A
100
producers
people who transform natural resources into goods and services
101
consumers
people who pitches and use goods and services to satisfy their wants and needs
102
division of labor/specialization
when workers devote their energies to a single component of a productive task
103
market
any organized setting where buyers and sellers exchange goods, services, resources, and currencies
104
economic systems
the way a society organized the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services
105
market economy
an economic system in which most economic decisions are made by individual consumers and firms interacting through markets
106
traditional economy
answers to theee basic economic questions are based on how they were addressed in the past
107
command economy
government provides all the answers to the three basic economic questions
ex. soviet union
108
mixed economy
both government and the marketplace answer the three basic economic questions
109
the three basic economic questions
1. what will we produce with our resources
2. how will we produce these goods
3. for whom will we produce these goods
110
oligopoly
a market structure in which an industry is comprised of only a few firms
111
stone age
subdivided into paleolithic- a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several homo species used crude rock tooks
112
mesolithic
8000 BCE -2700
middle stone age
chipped tools
113
neolithic
stone tools shaped by polishing and grinding
appearance of such crafts as pottery
10000-4500 bc
114
bronze age
3300-1200 bc
use of bronze
some areas writing
115
iron age
1200 bc - 600 bc
| people cross much of europe, asia, and parts of africa
116
era 1
the beginnings of human society
117
era 2
early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples (4000-1000 bce)
118
era 3
classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 bce -300 ce)
119
era 4
expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 ce)
120
era 5
intensified hemispheric interactions 1000-1500 ce
121
era 6
the emergence of the first global age 1450-1770 ce
122
era 7
colonization and settlement 1585-1763
123
era 8
revolution and the new nation 1754-1820s
124
era 9
expansion and reform 1801-1861
125
era 10
civil war and reconstruction 1850-1877
126
era 11
the development of the industrial united states 1870-1900
127
era 12
the emergence of modern america 1890-1930
128
revolutionary war
various taxes and lack of american voice in parliament
| 1783 treaty of paris ended the war
129
war of 1812
second war of independence
| great britain sought to restrict french trade
130
mexican american war
brought new territory to us
131
civil war
economic and social differences between the north and south
| states vs federal rights
132
Spanish american war
issue of cuban independence from spain
133
ww1
1919 war ended
| militarism, alliances, imperialism
134
ww2
result of totalitarian regimes in germany, italy and japan
135
korean war
1950 north korean forces moved without warning across the 38th parallel
136
vietnam war
prevent spread of communism
137
persian gulf wars
iraq’s invasion of kuwait
138
the crusades
wars to control over the holy land
139
axis powers
japan, germany and italy
140
hundred years’ war
fought between france and england
141
lithosphere
solid and broken rock that has been sculpted into landforms
continental crust
142
hydrosphere
water in all forms
oceans, lakes, ice and water within atmosphere
143
atmosphere
gaseous envelope that encircles earth
weather
144
biosphere
all life forms and all areas at or near earth that are capable of sustaining life
145
archipelago
a group or chain of islands clustered together
ex. hawaiian islands
146
bay
buddy of salt water that extends into land
147
delta
a fan shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean
148
gulf
a large bay that is partially surrounded by land
149
isthmus
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses usually with water on two sides
150
peninsula
a body of land that is surrounded by water in three sides but is connected to a mainland area
151
plateau
an elevated, level expanse of land
152
prairie
a broad, nearly level stretch of land
plains
153
strait
a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
154
tectonic plates
earth is made up a dozen or so major plates and several minor plates
155
nation state concept
form of political organization under which a relatively homogenous people inhibits a sovereign state
state containing one nationality
156
colonialism
policy/practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
157
imperialism
extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
158
unitary
all powers of government are vested in central government
159
federal
the powers of government are divided between the center and the units
160
fragmentation
process or state of breaking or being broken into small parts
161
gerrymandering
manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency
162
industrial revolution
transformed economies based on large scale industries
factory system
