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Network 511 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What layer of the OSI model does a Hub operate at?

A

Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

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2
Q

What type of device is a Hub?

A

A multiport repeater

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3
Q

How does a Hub handle incoming traffic?

A

It broadcasts to all connected ports

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4
Q

What are the implications of broadcasting to all ports on a Hub?

A

All devices receive the data, even if not intended, leading to congestion and security issues

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5
Q

Do Hubs create multiple collision domains?

A

No, only one collision domain

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6
Q

What kind of communication does a Hub support?

A

Half-duplex only

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7
Q

Why are Hubs considered obsolete?

A

They cause collisions and do not offer secure or efficient communication compared to switches

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8
Q

What layer of the OSI model does a Switch operate at?

A

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)

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9
Q

How does a Switch forward data?

A

Based on MAC addresses, only to the destination port

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10
Q

What does a Switch learn about connected devices?

A

MAC addresses associated with each port

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11
Q

What are the benefits of using a Switch over a Hub?

A

Reduces collisions, improves performance, enables full-duplex communication, enhances security

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12
Q

Do Switches create separate collision domains per port?

A

Yes, each port has its own collision domain

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13
Q

Can a Switch support full-duplex communication?

A

Yes, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving

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14
Q

What layer of the OSI model does a Router operate at?

A

Layer 3 (Network Layer)

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15
Q

What is the primary function of a Router?

A

Connects different networks together

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16
Q

How does a Router determine where to send packets?

A

Using IP addresses and routing tables

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17
Q

What additional functions can a Router perform?

A

NAT (Network Address Translation), firewall functions, packet filtering

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18
Q

Are Routers used within a single network segment like Switches?

A

No, Routers connect different networks

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19
Q

What layer of the OSI model does a Bridge operate at?

A

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)

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20
Q

What is the purpose of a Bridge in a network?

A

To connect two network segments and filter traffic based on MAC addresses

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21
Q

How does a Bridge help reduce network congestion?

A

By dividing a larger network into smaller segments

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22
Q

Why are Bridges less common today?

A

Switches provide more advanced functionality such as multiple ports and better traffic management

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?

A

Prevents loops in redundant network topologies that could cause broadcast storms and instability

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24
Q

How does STP elect a root bridge?

A

The switch with the lowest Bridge ID becomes the root; Bridge ID includes priority and MAC address

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25
What happens during path cost calculation in STP?
Each port calculates its cost to reach the root bridge
26
What is a Designated Port in STP?
On each segment, the port with the lowest cost to the root bridge
27
What is a Root Port in STP?
Each non-root bridge selects one port with the lowest cost to the root bridge
28
What happens to redundant paths in STP?
They are blocked to prevent loops
29
What are the states a port goes through in STP?
Blocking → Listening → Learning → Forwarding
30
What is RSTP?
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol – offers faster convergence than traditional STP
31
What is CSMA/CD?
A media access control method used in early Ethernet networks to manage data transmission and detect collisions
32
What are the steps in CSMA/CD operation?
1. Carrier Sense – listen before transmitting\n2. Multiple Access – transmit if idle\n3. Collision Detection – stop and signal collision\n4. Jam Signal – notify all devices\n5. Backoff – wait random time before retransmitting
33
Why is CSMA/CD inefficient under heavy load?
Frequent collisions increase delays and reduce throughput
34
Has CSMA/CD been replaced?
Yes, by switched Ethernet which eliminates collisions
35
What is Fiber Optic Cable?
Transmits data as light pulses through glass or plastic fibers
36
What are the advantages of fiber optic cable?
High bandwidth, long distance, immunity to EMI, enhanced security
37
What are the types of fiber optic cables?
Single-mode Fiber (SMF) and Multimode Fiber (MMF)
38
What is Single-mode Fiber used for?
Long-distance transmissions, uses laser light, smaller core
39
What is Multimode Fiber used for?
Shorter distances, uses LED light, larger core
40
What are some common connectors for fiber optic cables?
ST, SC, LC, MTRJ
41
What is IaaS?
Infrastructure as a Service – provides virtualized computing resources over the internet
42
What control do customers have in IaaS?
Operating systems, storage, applications, and possibly networking components
43
Examples of IaaS providers
Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
44
What is PaaS?
Platform as a Service – provides a platform for developing, running, and managing applications without infrastructure management
45
What control do customers have in PaaS?
Deployed applications and configuration settings
46
Examples of PaaS platforms
Google App Engine, Heroku
47
What is SaaS?
Software as a Service – provides ready-to-use software applications over the internet
48
How do users access SaaS applications?
Through a web browser or client application
49
Examples of SaaS services
Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, Google Workspace
50
What is the 802.11 standard?
IEEE standards defining wireless networking technologies
51
What frequency bands are used in Wi-Fi?
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz
52
What modulation techniques are used in 802.11?
OFDM, MIMO
53
What are the security protocols in Wi-Fi?
WEP (deprecated), WPA, WPA2, WPA3
54
Key features of 802.11a
5 GHz, up to 54 Mbps
55
Key features of 802.11b
2.4 GHz, up to 11 Mbps
56
Key features of 802.11g
2.4 GHz, up to 54 Mbps
57
Key features of 802.11n
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, up to 600 Mbps with MIMO
58
Key features of 802.11ac
5 GHz, up to several Gbps with MU-MIMO
59
Key features of 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz; improved efficiency in dense environments
60
What is WPA?
Wi-Fi Protected Access – improved over WEP, uses TKIP
61
What is WPA2?
Uses AES encryption with CCMP – more secure than WPA
62
What is WPA3?
Enhanced security including SAE and improved encryption
63
What is Virtualization?
Creating virtual versions of hardware or software resources to run multiple OS/applications on one machine
64
What is Hardware Virtualization?
Creates VMs that emulate physical hardware, managed by a hypervisor
65
Examples of hypervisors
VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V
66
What is OS Virtualization / Containers?
Virtualizes the OS kernel to allow isolated user-space instances
67
Advantages of containers
Lightweight, efficient, share host OS kernel
68
Examples of container tools
Docker, Kubernetes
69
What are the benefits of virtualization?
Resource optimization, cost savings, improved manageability, flexibility, scalability
70
What is the 802.3 standard?
IEEE standards defining wired Ethernet technologies
71
What cabling types are used in Ethernet?
Twisted-pair copper (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6), fiber optic
72
What encoding schemes are used?
Manchester encoding, NRZ
73
Features of 10BASE-T
10 Mbps, baseband, twisted-pair (Cat3+)
74
Features of 100BASE-TX
100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet), baseband, twisted-pair (Cat5+)
75
Features of 1000BASE-T
1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet), baseband, twisted-pair (Cat5e+)
76
Features of 10GBASE-T
10 Gbps, baseband, twisted-pair (Cat6a+)
77
What is the general notation for 802.3 standards?
speedBASEmedium – e.g., 100BASE-TX

Network511 Exam (1 decks)

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