Network Review Flashcards by John Paul George Mabagos

Differentiate the LAN and WAN

LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are two types of computer networks that differ in terms of geographical coverage and scale. Here’s a comparison between the two:

Geographical Coverage:

LAN: A LAN covers a small geographical area such as a home, office building, or campus. It is typically confined to a single building or a group of nearby buildings.

WAN: A WAN covers a large geographical area, often spanning cities, countries, or even continents. It connects multiple LANs and remote locations over long distances.
Size and Scale:

LAN: LANs are smaller in scale and designed to serve a limited number of users within a specific area. They provide high-speed and low-latency connections.

WAN: WANs are larger in scale and can accommodate a significantly larger number of users and devices spread across extensive distances. They often operate at lower speeds and may have higher latency due to the long-distance connections.

Ownership and Control:

LAN: LANs are privately owned and controlled by a single organization or entity. The organization has full control over the network infrastructure, security measures, and configurations.

WAN: WANs are typically composed of multiple interconnected networks, and their ownership and control may be distributed among different organizations or service providers. Collaboration and agreements between organizations are necessary to establish and maintain a WAN.

Transmission Media:

LAN: LANs commonly utilize wired technologies like Ethernet cables (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6) or wireless technologies like Wi-Fi within a confined area.
WAN: WANs employ a variety of transmission media, including dedicated leased lines, optical fibers, satellite links, and public internet connections, to connect geographically dispersed locations.

Speed and Performance:

LAN: LANs offer high data transfer speeds, typically ranging from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps, allowing for fast communication and file sharing between devices within the network.

WAN: WANs often have lower data transfer speeds compared to LANs, and their performance can vary depending on factors like distance, network congestion, and the quality of the underlying infrastructure.

Cost:

LAN: Setting up and maintaining a LAN is generally less expensive compared to establishing a WAN since LANs cover a smaller area and require fewer networking resources.

WAN: Building and operating a WAN involves higher costs due to the need for additional networking equipment, long-distance connections, and potentially paying for leased lines or WAN service providers.

In summary, LANs are smaller, localized networks serving a limited area, while WANs cover larger areas, connect multiple LANs, and span long distances. LANs provide faster and more controlled connectivity, while WANs offer broader reach but may have slower speeds and higher costs.

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What are the network topologies?

Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid

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On this network topology, all devices are connected to a single communication medium, typically a coaxial cable or a backbone cable.
Each device is linked to the cable through a connector, and the data transmitted by any device is received by all other devices.

Bus Topology

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On this network topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Each device has a dedicated connection to the central hub, enabling point-to-point communication between devices.

Star Topology

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What network topology is this: devices are connected in a circular manner, forming a closed loop. Each device is connected to its neighboring devices, and data travels in one direction around the ring.

Ring Topology

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On this Network Topology, every device is connected to every other device in the network, creating multiple redundant paths.

Mesh Topology

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This Network Topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It consists of multiple star topologies connected to a central bus backbone.
It divides the network into multiple levels or layers, with each layer having its own central hub or switch.

Tree Topology

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This Network Topology combines two or more different network topologies to meet specific requirements. For example, a network may incorporate a combination of star, ring, and mesh topologies to achieve redundancy, scalability, and efficient data transmission.

Hybrid Topology

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Is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol that operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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Its primary role is to provide reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data packets between devices.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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It establishes and maintains a connection between two devices, handles data segmentation, flow control, and retransmission of lost packets.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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This is a network layer protocol on TCP/IP model that enables the identification and addressing of devices on a network.

internet protocol (IP)

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Its role is to facilitate the routing of data packets across different networks, using unique IP addresses assigned to each device.

internet protocol (IP)

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It provides a best-effort delivery service, meaning it does not guarantee packet delivery or provide error-checking and retransmission.

internet protocol (IP)

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is an application-layer protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

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Its role is to facilitate the retrieval and delivery of web resources, such as HTML documents, images, and other media.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

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It defines how clients send requests to servers and how servers respond with the requested resources.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

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It is an application-layer protocol used for sending and receiving email messages between mail servers.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

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Its role is to handle the transmission, delivery, and routing of email messages over the Internet.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

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It defines the rules for establishing a reliable connection between mail servers and the format for composing and transmitting email messages.

SMTP

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It is an application-layer protocol used for translating human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.

Domain Name System (DNS):

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Its role is to provide a distributed and hierarchical naming system that allows devices to locate and communicate with resources on the internet.

Domain Name System (DNS):

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translates domain names into IP addresses through a network of _____ servers and supports various record types, including A, CNAME, MX, and more.

Domain Name System (DNS):

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is a network management protocol used for dynamically assigning IP addresses and configuring network parameters to devices on a network.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):

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Its role is to automate the process of IP address assignment, subnet mask configuration, gateway configuration, and other network settings.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):

_______ servers manage a pool of available IP addresses and lease them to devices on the network, ensuring efficient address allocation.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):

What are the layers of OSI Model?

Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application layer

This layer on OSI Model is the transmission of raw unstructured bits over a communication channel. It defines the electrical, mechanical, and procedural aspects of physical connections, such as cables, connectors, and signaling.

Physical Layer

This model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven distinct layers. Each layer has a specific role and interacts with the layers above and below it

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

This layer on OSI provides error-free, reliable transmission of data frames between two directly connected nodes over a physical medium. It handles framing, error detection, and correction, flow control, and manages access to the physical medium.

Data Link Layer

This OSI Layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of packets across different networks. It determines the best path for data packets to reach their destination and handles the fragmentation and reassembly of packets if necessary.

Network Layer

This layer on the OSI ensures reliable end-to-end data delivery between hosts and provides mechanisms for error recovery, flow control, and segmentation/reassembly of data. It establishes connections, manages data transmission, and ensures the integrity and sequencing of data.

Transport Layer

This layer establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between applications running on different devices. It provides services for session establishment, synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery in case of failures.

Session Layer

It is responsible for data representation, encryption, compression, and protocol conversion. It ensures that data from the application layer of one system can be understood by the application layer of another system.

Presentation Layer

It provides services directly to end-users or applications. It enables user interactions with network services, such as file transfer, email, web browsing, and other network-based applications.

Application Layer

What are the layers of TCP/IP Model?

Network Interface/Access, Internet, Transport, and Application layer

It is a conceptual framework that is widely used for the implementation of network protocols and communication in the Internet. It consists of four layers, which are sometimes mapped to the seven layers of the OSI model.

The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model

It is equivalent to the combination of the Physical Layer and Data Link Layer in the OSI model. It handles the physical transmission of data packets over the network media and provides protocols for accessing the physical network.

Network Interface Layer (or Network Access Layer):

This layer on the TCP/IP is responsible for addressing, routing, and packet forwarding between different networks.

Internet Layer

It is a layer that provides reliable end-to-end data delivery and error-checking mechanisms between applications running on different hosts. The two main protocols in this layer are TCP and UDP.

Transport Layer

combines the Session Layer, Presentation Layer, and Application Layer in the OSI model. It directly interacts with end-user applications and provides various services for network-based applications.

Application Layer

Which is more commonly used TCP/IP Model or OSI layer model?

It's worth noting that the TCP/IP model is more commonly used in practical network implementations, especially in the context of the Internet. However, both the TCP/IP and OSI models serve as useful reference frameworks for understanding network communication protocols and their functionalities.

It is a widely used protocol for identifying and addressing devices on a network.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

are 32-bit numbers expressed in dotted-decimal notation, consisting of four octets (8 bits each) separated by periods.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

Each octet on this can range from 0 to 255, representing a decimal value in the range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

It represents the decimal value of each octet. For example, 192.168.0.1 is a valid IPv4 address.

"xxx" on xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, (On IP) For example 192.168.0.1 (The 192 is the first octet, the second is 168, then third is 0 and fourth is 1. Those are the decimal representation. But the general value of octet is represented by 8 binary digits or bits.

IPv4 addresses are divided into two parts which are?

Network portion and Host portion

The division between the two parts of IPv4 is determined by what?

by the subnet mask associated with the address.

It identifies how many bits are allocated to the network portion and the remaining bits for the host portion.

The subnet mask

Why network classes were introduced?

To allocate IP addresses based on the size of the network. The network classes were denoted as A, B, and C:

One byte is equivalent to?

eight bits

This class addresses have their first bit set to 0, indicating that the network portion occupies the most significant bit.

Class A

The range of this class addresses is from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0.

Class A

On this class, the first octet represents the network portion, while the last three octets represent the host portion.

Class A

This class can support a large number of hosts per network.

Class A Addresses

This class have their first two bits set to 10, indicating that the first two octets represent the network portion

Class B Addresses

The range of this class addresses is from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0.

Class B

On this class, the first two octets represent the network portion, while the last two octets represent the host portion.

Class B

This class can support a moderate number of hosts per network.

Class B addresses

This class have their first three bits set to 110, indicating that the first three octets represent the network portion.

Class C addresses

The range of this class addresses is from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0.

Class C

On this Class, the first three octets represent the network portion, while the last octet represents the host portion.

Class C

This class addresses can support a small number of hosts per network.

Class C

These addresses reserved for multicast and experimental purposes, respectively.

Class D and Class E

The concept of network classes has been largely replaced by?

subnetting techniques

It is represented in the same format as an IP address, using dotted-decimal notation (e.g., 255.255.255.0).

Subnet Mask

It is a 32-bit value used to divide an IP address into the network portion and the host portion.

Subnet Mask

It consists of consecutive 1s in the leftmost bits, followed by consecutive 0s in the rightmost bits.

Subnet Mask

On this, the 1s indicate the network portion, while the 0s represent the host portion of the IP address.

Subnet Mask

How to do the subnet calculations?

Determine the number of subnets and hosts required and calculating the subnet mask and network addresses. You need to decide on the number of subnets needed and the number of hosts required per subnet.

The formula for calculating the number of hosts per subnet is?

2^h-2, where h is the number of host bits (subtracting 2 accounts for the network and broadcast addresses).

CIDR Stands for?

(Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

It is a compact representation of IP addresses and their associated subnet masks.

CIDR notation

It replaces the traditional subnet mask with a forward slash ("/") followed by the number of network bits in the subnet mask.

CIDR notation

allows for a more flexible and efficient allocation of IP addresses, as it does not rely on the predefined network classes (A, B, C) but can accommodate networks of any size.

CIDR notation

is commonly used in networking to optimize IP address allocation, improve network security, and facilitate efficient routing.

Subnetting

It enables the creation of smaller, manageable subnets within a larger network, providing better control and organization of IP address assignments.

Subnetting

is assigned to a device by the Internet Service Provider (ISP) and is globally unique on the internet.

Public IP Address

It serves as the address that allows devices to communicate with other devices over the internet.

Public IP Address

Are routable on the internet and can be accessed from anywhere in the world.

Public IP Address

Organizations typically obtain this addresses from their ISPs to connect their network to the internet and host public-facing services.

Public IP Address

This address is used on home or office network, to identify devices within that network.

Private IP Address

are not globally unique and cannot be routed over the internet directly.

Private IP Address

They are reserved and defined by specific address ranges specified by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

Private IP Address

What is the private IP address range of Class A on IPv4 ?

Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

What is the private IP address range of Class B on IPv4 ?

Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

What is the private IP address range of Class C on IPv4 ?

Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

What is the private IP address on IPv6 ?

IPv6: fc00::/7 (Unique Local Addresses)

is a technique used to map multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

allows devices within a private network to communicate with the internet using a shared public IP address.

NAT

When a device from the private network initiates an outbound connection, __________ translates the private IP address to the public IP address.

NAT

maintains a translation table to track the correspondence between private IP addresses and their corresponding public IP addresses and ports.

NAT

provides a level of security by hiding the internal IP addresses from external networks, acting as a firewall to some extent.

NAT

The use of private IP addresses and NAT enables organizations and households what?

create their own private networks and share a limited number of public IP addresses.

It also allows for easier management and scalability within private networks without requiring unique public IP addresses for each device.

The use of private IP addresses and NAT

refer to situations where devices or networks are unable to establish a connection or communicate with each other.

Connectivity issues

What are the common causes of connectivity issues?

Faulty cables or connectors, misconfigured network settings, firewall or antivirus software blocking the connection, or network equipment failures.

What are the troubleshooting steps for Connectivity issues?

- Check physical connections: Ensure cables are properly plugged in and not damaged. - Verify IP configuration: Ensure devices have correct IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateway settings. - Check network settings: Ensure devices are on the same network and have proper DNS settings. - Restart devices and networking equipment: Power cycling devices and equipment often resolves connectivity issues.

refers to situations where network speeds are significantly lower than expected, causing delays in data transfer and application responsiveness.

Slow network performance

What are the common cause of slow network performance?

Network congestion, bandwidth limitations, outdated hardware, misconfigured network settings, or malware/viruses.

What are the troubleshooting steps on slow network performance?

- Check bandwidth usage: Identify if any specific device or application is consuming excessive bandwidth. - Update network equipment: Ensure routers, switches, and network cards have the latest firmware/drivers. - Perform speed tests: Use online tools to measure network speeds and compare against expected values. - Optimize network settings: Adjust Quality of Service (QoS) settings, prioritize critical applications, or limit bandwidth for non-essential tasks.

occur when multiple devices on a network are assigned the same IP address, leading to communication problems and network disruptions.

IP Conflicts

What are the common causes of IP Conflicts?

Common causes include manually assigning duplicate IP addresses, DHCP server configuration issues, or rogue devices conflicting with DHCP-assigned addresses.

What are the troubleshooting steps on IP Conflicts?

- Check IP addresses: Verify that no devices have conflicting IP addresses within the same network. - Release and renew IP addresses: Use the "ipconfig" command (Windows) or "ifconfig" command (Linux) to release and renew IP addresses. - Restart DHCP server: Power cycle the DHCP server or verify its configuration settings. - Use static IP addressing: Manually assign unique IP addresses to devices to avoid conflicts.

is a basic network troubleshooting tool used to test connectivity between two devices.

Ping

It sends a small packet of data (ICMP Echo Request) to a target IP address and waits for an ICMP Echo Reply.

Ping

How to use Ping tool

To use ping, open the command prompt (Windows) or terminal (Linux/Mac) and type "ping ".

This tool will display round-trip time (RTT) information and indicate whether the target device is reachable.

Ping

If the Ping fails, what are the possible other issues?

If the ping fails, it could indicate a connectivity issue, such as a misconfigured network, firewall blocking ICMP, or a device being offline.

is used to trace the route that packets take from your device to a target device or IP address.

Tracert (Windows) / traceroute (Linux/Mac)

It helps identify network hops, latency, and potential points of failure along the path.

Tracert (Windows) / traceroute (Linux/Mac)

How to use Tracert (Windows) / traceroute (Linux/Mac)?

To use tracert (traceroute), open the command prompt or terminal and type "tracert " (Windows) or "traceroute " (Linux/Mac).

This tool will display a list of intermediate routers and their IP addresses, along with round-trip times (RTTs) for each hop.

By analyzing the tracert (traceroute) output

you can identify any network issues, such as high latency or packet loss at specific hops by analyzing what?

By analyzing the tracert (traceroute) output

is used to view and manage IP configuration details of your network interfaces.

ipconfig (Windows) / ifconfig (Linux/Mac)

It provides information about IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, DNS servers, and more.

ipconfig (Windows) / ifconfig (Linux/Mac)

This tool will display the IP configuration details for all network interfaces on your device.

ipconfig (Windows) / ifconfig (Linux/Mac)

How to use ipconfig (Windows) / ifconfig (Linux/Mac)?

To use ipconfig (ifconfig), open the command prompt or terminal and type "ipconfig" (Windows) or "ifconfig" (Linux/Mac).

By examining this, you can verify if the correct IP address, subnet mask, and gateway are assigned to your device.

By examining the IP configuration

is a command-line tool used to query DNS (Domain Name System) servers and resolve domain names to IP addresses.

nslookup

It helps troubleshoot DNS-related issues, such as incorrect DNS settings or DNS resolution problems.

nslookup

How to use nslookup?

To use nslookup, open the command prompt or terminal and type "nslookup ".

This tool will display the corresponding IP address(es) associated with the domain name or vice versa.

nslookup

By using this, you can verify if DNS resolution is working correctly and identify any DNS-related issues.

nslookup

Why we need to understand the network troubleshooting tools?

These network troubleshooting tools provide valuable information for diagnosing and resolving network problems. They help identify connectivity issues, latency, misconfigurations, and DNS-related problems. By using these tools and analyzing their output, you can gain insights into network behavior and take appropriate steps to resolve the issues.

Give me the 1st importance of analyzing network logs and error messages to identify the root cause of issues.

Troubleshooting and Diagnosing: Network logs and error messages provide valuable information about network events, errors, and anomalies. They offer insights into the sequence of events leading up to a problem, which helps in identifying the source of the issue. By examining log entries and error messages, network administrators can gain a better understanding of the problem and its potential causes.

Give me the 2nd importance of analyzing network logs and error messages to identify the root cause of issues.

Identifying Patterns and Trends: Network logs capture a wide range of information, including device status, network traffic, errors, and performance metrics. Analyzing logs over time allows for the identification of patterns and trends in network behavior. By detecting recurring issues or irregularities, network administrators can pinpoint underlying problems or potential sources of network disruptions.

Give me the 3rd importance of analyzing network logs and error messages to identify the root cause of issues.

Incident Response and Resolution: When a network issue occurs, logs and error messages play a crucial role in incident response. They provide a detailed timeline of events leading up to the problem, enabling faster identification of the root cause. Examining error messages can guide administrators in taking appropriate actions to resolve the issue effectively.

Give me the 4th importance of analyzing network logs and error messages to identify the root cause of issues.

Performance Optimization: Network logs and error messages can shed light on performance bottlenecks, network congestion, or resource limitations. By analyzing performance-related logs, administrators can identify areas for optimization and fine-tuning. This analysis helps improve network efficiency, minimize downtime, and enhance overall network performance.

Give me the 5th importance of analyzing network logs and error messages to identify the root cause of issues.

Security Analysis: Logs can serve as valuable resources for security analysis and threat detection. They capture information about network traffic, access attempts, authentication failures, and system vulnerabilities. Analyzing logs can help identify potential security breaches, unauthorized access attempts, or anomalous behavior indicative of a cyberattack.

In general, why network logs are important?

In summary, network logs and error messages provide critical information for troubleshooting, diagnosing, and resolving network issues. They enable network administrators to identify patterns, detect anomalies, respond to incidents, optimize performance, and enhance network security. Analyzing these logs is an essential practice for maintaining a healthy and reliable network infrastructure.

What Network Topology has this Advantage and Disadvantages: Advantages: Simple to implement, requires less cabling, and cost-effective for small networks. Disadvantages: Network performance may suffer if heavy traffic or a cable failure occurs, and it can be difficult to identify and troubleshoot issues.

Bus Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantage and Disadvantages: Advantages: Simple to implement, requires less cabling, and cost-effective for small networks. Disadvantages: Network performance may suffer if heavy traffic or a cable failure occurs, and it can be difficult to identify and troubleshoot issues.

Bus Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantage and Disadvantages: Advantages: Easy to install, manage, and troubleshoot. If a cable fails, only the affected device is disconnected, while other devices remain functional. Disadvantages: Requires more cabling than a bus topology, and the central hub represents a single point of failure.

Star Topology

Bus Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Data transmission is efficient as each device receives and forwards the data, ensuring equal access to network resources. Disadvantages: A cable or device failure can disrupt the entire network, and adding or removing devices can be challenging without disrupting the network.

Ring Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Easy to install, manage, and troubleshoot. If a cable fails, only the affected device is disconnected, while other devices remain functional. Disadvantages: Requires more cabling than a bus topology, and the central hub represents a single point of failure.

Star Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Provides high redundancy and fault tolerance, as multiple paths ensure data can still reach its destination if a link or device fails. Disadvantages: Requires a significant amount of cabling and is more complex and costly to implement and maintain.

Mesh Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Scalable and allows for hierarchical network management, making it suitable for large networks. Disadvantages: Dependence on the central bus backbone can lead to performance issues if it becomes a bottleneck or experiences a failure.

Tree Topology

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

What Network Topology has these Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: Allows for customization and flexibility to meet specific network needs. Disadvantages: Can be complex to design and implement, and may require additional resources and expertise.

Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

Tree Topology

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

This principle on information security focuses on keeping sensitive information protected and accessible only to authorized individuals or entities. Measures such as access controls, encryption, and secure communication channels are employed.

Confidentiality

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

Star Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

Hybrid Topology

Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

In an IPv4 address, the network portion and the host portion together make up the address structure used for routing and identifying devices on a network. The division between the network portion and the host portion is determined by the subnet mask associated with the IP address. The subnet mask defines the number of network bits and host bits in the address. Typically, the subnet mask consists of a series of binary 1s followed by binary 0s. The network portion of the IP address is represented by the bits that correspond to the 1s in the subnet mask, while the host portion corresponds to the bits that correspond to the 0s. For example, let's consider an IP address 192.168.0.1 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. In this case, the first three octets (192.168.0) represent the network portion, and the last octet (1) represents the host portion. The network portion identifies the specific network that the device belongs to, while the host portion identifies the specific device within that network. It's worth noting that the division between the network and host portions can vary depending on the subnet mask used. The subnet mask can be adjusted to create smaller or larger network segments by varying the number of network bits and host bits.

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

Hybrid Topology

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Bus Topology

Star Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

Ring Topology

Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

Tree Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

This principle on information security emphasizes the accuracy and trustworthiness of information. It involves protecting data from unauthorized modification, ensuring data remains intact and uncorrupted, and maintaining data consistency throughout its lifecycle.

Integrity

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

On this principles on information security, information should be readily available to authorized users whenever it is needed. Its role is to ensures that information and system resources are accessible, reliable, and usable when required. Measures such as redundancy, backup systems, and disaster recovery plans are used.

Availability

On this information security principle, it verifies the identity of users, systems, or entities attempting to access information or resources. It involves using credentials, such as usernames and passwords or biometrics to ensure that only authorized individuals can access the information.

Authentication

On this information security principle, once a user or entity is authenticated, this will come into play. It determines the level of access or permissions granted to the right users based on their roles, responsibilities, and need-to-know basis. Access controls and permissions are established to enforce this.

Authorization

On this information security principle, this holds individuals or entities responsible for their actions or activities within a system. It involves tracking and recording user activities, maintaining audit logs, and implementing mechanisms for traceability, ensuring that actions can be attributed to specific individuals.

Accountability

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

On this information security principle, information security principles also encompass risk management. This involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks to information assets through risk analysis, vulnerability assessments, and the implementation of appropriate safeguards and controls.

Risk Management

ensures that a sender cannot deny their actions or transactions. It involves using techniques such as digital signatures, timestamps, and audit trails to provide evidence of the integrity and origin of transactions, making them legally binding and irrefutable.

This refers to malicious software that is designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. Examples include viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware.

Malware

This involves manipulating individuals to gain unauthorized access to systems or sensitive information. Attackers exploit human psychology and trust to deceive people into revealing confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.

Social Engineering

What type of security attack is this: It targets vulnerabilities in network infrastructure or protocols to gain unauthorized access, disrupt network services, or intercept sensitive information. Examples include Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks, and packet sniffing.

Network Attacks

This can come from individuals within an organization who have authorized access to systems or data. They may misuse their privileges, intentionally or unintentionally, to steal sensitive information, cause damage, or compromise security.

Inside Threats

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), PPP, MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

On this information security principle, it ensures that a sender cannot deny their actions or transactions. It involves using techniques such as digital signatures, timestamps, and audit trails to provide evidence of the integrity and origin of transactions, making them legally binding and irrefutable.

Non-repudiation

This is involve gaining unauthorized access to systems or information by physically breaching premises, stealing devices, tampering with hardware components, or exploiting physical security vulnerabilities.

Physical attacks

This threat attacks target vulnerabilities in web applications to gain unauthorized access, manipulate data, or disrupt services. Examples include SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF).

Web-application attacks

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Non-repudiation

This threat focus on compromising passwords to gain unauthorized access to systems or accounts. Attackers may use techniques like brute-force attacks, dictionary attacks, or password spraying to crack weak or stolen passwords.

Password attacks

This threat involve unauthorized access, disclosure, or theft of sensitive information. Attackers may exploit vulnerabilities to gain access to databases or steal data through social engineering, malware, or other means.

Data Breaches

Star Topology

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Non-repudiation

This threat is about attacks aim to disrupt or overload systems, networks, or services, making them unavailable to legitimate users. Attackers flood the target with excessive requests or exploit vulnerabilities to exhaust resources and cause service disruptions.

Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks

This attacks use deceptive emails, messages, or websites to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as login credentials, credit card numbers, or personal details. Phishing attacks often impersonate trusted entities, such as banks or service providers, to gain victims' trust.

Phishing Attacks

- Filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on specific criteria. - Allowing or blocking traffic based on source IP addresses, destination IP addresses, port numbers, protocols, or application-level information.

Inbound/Outbound Filtering - Rule

- Configuring the firewall with a "default deny" rule. - All incoming and outgoing traffic is blocked by default unless explicitly allowed by firewall rules. - Helps ensure that only authorized traffic is permitted.

Default Deny - Configuration

- Sets of rules that define which traffic is allowed or denied based on specific conditions. - Controlling traffic at the network or application layer. - Allowing or blocking specific IP addresses, port numbers, protocols, or traffic patterns.

Access Control Lists (ACLs) - Rule

- Filtering traffic based on specific port numbers associated with different network services. - Allowing or blocking incoming or outgoing traffic on specific ports. - For example, allowing HTTP traffic (port 80) for web browsing or blocking SMTP traffic (port 25) for email.

Port-based Filtering - Rule

- Configuring the firewall with stateful inspection capabilities. - Maintaining information about the state of network connections. - Differentiating between legitimate responses to outgoing requests and potentially malicious incoming traffic. - Helps prevent unauthorized access attempts and session hijacking.

Stateful Inspection - Configuration

- Integrating the firewall with Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). - Enhancing security by detecting and blocking potential threats. - IDS/IPS systems monitor network traffic for suspicious or malicious activity, and the firewall can work together with these systems to take appropriate actions.

IDS/IPS Integration - Configuration

- Configuring the firewall to perform deep packet inspection and analyze application-level protocols and data. - Detecting and preventing specific application-based attacks or unauthorized activities. - Helps protect against vulnerabilities in web applications or other software.

Application-level Filtering - Rule

- Configuring rules that allow or block specific traffic based on predefined time periods. - Enforcing access restrictions during certain hours or implementing scheduled maintenance windows. - Provides control over when certain types of traffic are allowed or denied.

Time-based Rules - Rule

- Configuring the firewall to log and audit network traffic, rule matches, and events. - Recording details such as source/destination IP addresses, port numbers, timestamps, and actions taken by the firewall. - Valuable for monitoring, troubleshooting, and analyzing security incidents.

Logging and Auditing - Configuration

- Configuring rules to allow or restrict Virtual Private Network (VPN) traffic. - Allowing secure remote access to private networks. - Controlling VPN traffic based on user credentials, source IP addresses, or other criteria.

VPN Access - Rule

VPNs use these protocols to encapsulate and encrypt data traffic within a secure tunnel. This ensures that data remains protected and private while traversing untrusted networks, such as the internet.

Tunneling protocols

VPNs employ this algorithms to secure data transmitted over the network. Common encryption protocols used in VPNs include AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security).

Encryption algorithms

VPNs required this to ensure that only authorized users can access the network. This typically involves the use of usernames, passwords, digital certificates, or other authentication mechanisms.

Authentication

VPNs use various of this to establish and manage secure connections. Examples include IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), SSL/TLS, PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), and OpenVPN.

VPN Protocols

A ____________________ acts as the gateway for VPN connections. It authenticates and processes VPN connections from clients and handles the encryption/decryption of data traffic.

VPN Server/Concentrator

This is a software installed on a user's device to establish a secure connection to a VPN server. It handles the encryption/decryption of data and provides a virtual network interface for accessing resources on the VPN.

VPN Client

A VPN _________ is a secure, encrypted pathway established between the VPN client and server. It ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the network.

VPN Tunnel

______ tunneling is a VPN feature that allows users to direct only specific network traffic through the VPN tunnel while allowing other traffic to access the internet directly. This can optimize performance and conserve bandwidth.

Split Tunneling

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), PPP, MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Non-repudiation

VPN Access - Rule

A _______________ establishes secure connections between multiple geographically separated networks. It enables secure communication and data exchange between different locations of an organization.

Site-to-Site VPN

A _________________ allows individual users to securely connect to a private network from a remote location, such as their home or a public Wi-Fi hotspot. It provides secure access to network resources as if the user were directly connected to the private network.

Remote Access VPN

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

What are the two types of Mesh Topology?

Full-Mesh and Partial Mesh

On this type of Mesh Topology, each device has a direct link to every other device

Full-Mesh Topology

On this type of Mesh Topology, devices have redundant connections with some, but not all, devices.

Partial Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, voltage levels, modulation techniques.

Physical Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Data Link Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP).

Network Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Transport Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Session Control Protocol (SCP).

Session Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: Encryption/Decryption, Compression, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG.

Presentation Layer

What part of OSI layer will these be? Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet.

Application Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Internet Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Domain Name System (DNS), Telnet.

Transport Layer

What layer will these be on TCP/IP Model: Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), PPP, MAC (Media Access Control) addresses.

The protocols and services in TCP/IP Model layer enable functions such as file transfer, email, web browsing, remote login, and domain name resolution.

Application Layer

On IPv4, which is host portion and network portion?

Non-repudiation

VPN Access - Rule

VPNs use __________________ to encapsulate and encrypt data traffic within a secure tunnel. This ensures that data remains protected and private while traversing untrusted networks, such as the internet.

tunneling protocols

VPNs employ _______________ to secure data transmitted over the network. Common encryption protocols used in VPNs include AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security).

encryption algorithms

VPNs require _____________ to ensure that only authorized users can access the network. This typically involves the use of usernames, passwords, digital certificates, or other authentication mechanisms.

authentication

VPNs use various __________ to establish and manage secure connections. Common VPN protocols include IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), SSL/TLS, PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), and OpenVPN.

protocols/VPN Protocols

A ____________________ acts as the gateway for VPN connections. It authenticates and processes VPN connections from clients and handles the encryption/decryption of data traffic.

VPN server or concentrator

A _________ is software installed on a user's device to establish a secure connection to a VPN server. It handles the encryption/decryption of data and provides a virtual network interface for accessing resources on the VPN.

VPN client

A ___________ is a secure, encrypted pathway established between the VPN client and server. It ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted over the network.

VPN tunnel

______________ is a VPN feature that allows users to direct only specific network traffic through the VPN tunnel while allowing other traffic to access the internet directly. This can optimize performance and conserve bandwidth.

Split tunneling

A ______________ establishes secure connections between multiple geographically separated networks. It enables secure communication and data exchange between different locations of an organization.

site-to-site VPN

A _______________ allows individual users to securely connect to a private network from a remote location, such as their home or a public Wi-Fi hotspot. It provides secure access to network resources as if the user were directly connected to the private network.

remote access VPN

Network Review Flashcards

(472 cards)