Networking Fundamentals

Question 1

One-to-one transmission

Answer 1

Unicast

Question 2

One-to-some transmission

Answer 2

Mutlicast

Question 3

One-to-all transmission

Answer 3

Broadcast

Question 4

PDU at the Application, Presentation, and Session layer

Answer 4

Data

Question 5

PDU at the Transport layer

Answer 5

Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP)

Question 6

PDU at the Network layer

Answer 6

Packet

Question 7

PDU at the Data-Link layer

Answer 7

Frame

Question 8

PDU at the Physical layer

Answer 8

Bit

Question 9

TCP/IP Model

Answer 9

Application
Transport
Internet
Link

Question 10

Three-way handshake to establish session

Answer 10

SYN-SYN/ACK-ACK

Question 11

Four-way handshake to close session

Answer 11

FIN-ACK-FIN-ACK

Question 12

TCP flag “URG”

Answer 12

Tell receiver to prioritize this data

Question 13

TCP flag “ACK”

Answer 13

Acknowledge all TCP segments

Question 14

TCP flag “PSH”

Answer 14

Tells receiver to directly send this data to the application

Question 15

TCP flag “RST”

Answer 15

Tells receiver that the sender has abruptly ended the conversation

Question 16

TCP flag “SYN”

Answer 16

Used in three-way handshake to start conversation

Question 17

TCP flag “FIN”

Answer 17

Used in four-way handshake to end conversation

Question 18

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Answer 18

An error-reporting protocol used by network devices

Used by ping and traceroute

Question 19

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Answer 19

Used to map addresses to IP addresses

Sends layer 2 broadcast querying all listening nodes

Mappings are temporarily stored in the devices ARP cache

Does not have assigned protocol numbers

Question 20

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Answer 20

Internal network used by service providers to create private WAN links for customers

Directs traffic from one node to the next based on short labels instead of long network addresses

Used to speed up the flow of traffic in a network to ensure reliable delivery of data packets

Question 21

Software Defined WAN (SD-WAN)

Answer 21

Software-defined approach to managing the WAN

Evolved out of MPLS

Question 22

SD-WAN Architecture

Answer 22

Orchestrator - Optional master software that coordinates multiple SD-WANs

Control Plane - Centralized software that manages the SD-WAN

Forwarding Plane - The physical part of the SD-WAN

Edge - Where network endpoints reside

Question 23

Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation (mGRE)

Answer 23

Point-to-multipoint tunneling between routers

Used in MPLS and SD-WAN networks

Question 23

Tunneling

Answer 23

To hide a packet inside a packet so it can be transmitted across a certain type of network

Question 23

Demarcation

Answer 23

Where outside phone-internet services connects to inside wiring

Question 23

Smart Jack

Answer 23

Placed between demark and customer wiring

Used for remote line diagnostics

Question 24

vSwitch

Answer 24

Provides switch functionality to virtual machines (VMs)

A host can have many vSwitches, connecting groups of VMs together

Question 24

Virtual network Interface Card (vNIC)

Answer 24

The network interface that allows a VM to connect to a vSwitch

Question 25

Hypervisor

Answer 25

A layer of functionality in the host that allows virtual devices to share the hosts physical hardware

Question 26

Satellite Link

Answer 26

Used when other connection types not available

One satellite covers a large area

Question 27

Digital Subscriber Line Link (DSL)

Answer 27

Uses existing telephone landline

Requires special modem and user authentication

Question 28

Cable Link

Answer 28

Uses existing cable TV network

Question 29

Leased Line Link

Answer 29

Dedicated to a single customer

Question 30

Metro-optical Link

Answer 30

Optical fibre connecting to providers MAN