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Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

TCP/IP Layers

A 
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical (phys and data link used to be combined as "link")

Please Do Not Tackle Aardvarks

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2
Q

Explain same-layer vs. adjacent-layer ineractions

A

Same-layer is between computers.

Adjacent-layer is between layers on the same computer.

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3
Q

What are the two most common transport-layer protocols?

A

Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol

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4
Q

Examples of TCP/IP Application Layer protocols

A

HTTP, POP3, SMTP

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5
Q

Examples of TCP/IP Transport Layer protocols

A

TCP, UDP

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6
Q

Name a TCP/IP Internet Layer protocol

A

IP

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7
Q

Name some TCP/IP Link Layer protocols

A

Ethernet, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), T1

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8
Q

What are the three TCP/IP messages, and what layer are they on?

A

“segment for the transport layer,
packet for the network layer,
and frame for the link layer”

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9
Q

SNMP Ports

A

UDP 161 & 162

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10
Q

DNS ports

A

UDP 53

TCP 53 for zone transfers

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11
Q

OSI Application Layer

A

Layer between application and communications software.

Also defines processes for user authentication.

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12
Q

OSI Presentation Layer

A

Defines and negotiates data formats such as ASCII, binary, JPEG.

Encryption is defined in this layer.

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13
Q

OSI Session layer

A

Defines how to start, end and control covnersations.

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14
Q

OSI Transport Layer

A

Error recovery, flow control and other issues related to data delivery to another computer.

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15
Q

OSI Network Layer

What are the three main components

A

Logical addressing, routing (forwarding) and pan determination.

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16
Q

OSI Data link layer

A

Defines rules for when devices can send data over a particular medium. Also defines header and trailer allowing delivery.

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17
Q

Informal and formal IEEE standard names for 1Gb Ethernet over fiber

A

1000-BASELX

802.3x

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18
Q

Formal and informal IEEE standard name for 10Gb Ethernet

A

802.3an

10GBASE-T

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19
Q

Formal IEEE standards for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T

A
  1. 3
  2. 3u
  3. 3ab
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20
Q

Ethernet NICs transmit on pins …
Switches transmit on pins ….
(10 or 100 mb)

A

NICs transmit on 1,2

Switches transmit on 3,6

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21
Q

802.3ad

A

Link aggregation allows you to group Ethernet interfaces on the physical layer. Forming a LAG (link aggregation group)

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22
Q

Ethernet Types (header byte) for IPv4 and IPV6

A

0600

86DD

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23
Q

OSI Physical Layer

A

Defines physical attributes of the transmission medium.

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24
Q

PDU

A

Protocol data unit: OSI General definition for a packet/segment of data including a header, footer and encapsulated data.

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25
MAC
Media access control | 802.3
26
MAC
Media access control | 802.3
27
T1 Speed
1.544Mbps
28
CSU/DSU
“channel service unit/data service unit”
29
What does HDLC stand for?
High-level Datalink Control
30
What are the HDLC fields?
Flag: equivalent to Ethernet preamble Address: HDLC is point to point only, but provides backward compatibility for 'years ago'. Control: like Ethernet 'type' field, identifies layer 3 encapsulation FCS: Frame Check Sequence, same as Ethernet
31
Does ISO HDLC have a type field?
No, Cisco added one in their version of HDLC
32
What is EoMPLS?
Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching. Similar to Ethernet emulation- services emulating an Ethernet link using other protocols
33
PSTN?
Public Switched Telephone Network
34
DSL equivalent of CMTS
DSLAM = DIgital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
35
IPv4 header size IPv4 address size
20 bytes 32 bits (4 bytes)
36
What is convergence time?
The time between a router losing a route, and finding a new route to the destination
37
IP class ranges (first octet)
``` Class A: 1-126 ( 127 reserved) Class B: 128-191 Class C: 192-223 Class D: 224-239 (multicast) Class E: 240-255 (experimental) ```
38
3 pieces of information in an arp request
Sender IP Sender MAC requested IP
39
Ping protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol
40
A TCP unit of data is actually called ...
A PDU or layer 4 PDU or a segment.
41
The three parts of a TCP socket
The IP address The Transport protocol The port number
42
TCP/IP transport layer features
``` Multiplexing using ports Error recovery Flow control using windowing Connection establishment and termination Ordered data transfer and data segmentation ```
43
Size of UDP header
8 bytes
44
3 jobs of switches
Dividing when to forward a frame based on MAC address Learning Mac addresses be recording source addresses of incoming traffic Creating a layer 2 loop-free environment using spanning tree
45
What are the three types of packet forwarding that switches employ?
Store and forward Cut through Fragment free (forward after 64 bytes, so as to not forward collision packets)
46
What are the three layers of a campus lan design?
Access, distribution and core
47
What are the media types and cabling distances of ``` 10-baseT 100-baseT 1000-baseT 1000-baseSX 1000-baseLX (2 types) ```
10-baseT: CAT3 2 pairs, 100m (328 ft) 100-baseT: CAT5 2 pairs, 100m 1000-baseT: CAT5e/6, 550m (1804 ft) 1000-baseSX: multimode fiber 50 micron, 550m 1000-baseLX (2 types): multimode fiber 50&62 micron , 550 Or 9 micron single mode , 5km (3.1 mi)
48
IEEE autonegotiatiom
802.3u “Speed: Sense the speed (without using autonegotiation - Cisco addition), or if that fails, use the IEEE default (slowest supported speed, often 10 Mbps). Duplex: Use the IEEE defaults: If speed = 10 or 100, use half-duplex; otherwise, use full-duplex.” Excerpt From: Odom, Wendell. “CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide (Tony Vigil's Library).” Cisco Press, 2013. iBooks. This material may be protected by copyright.
49
Default console port settings
``` “9600 bits/second No hardware flow control 8-bit ASCII No parity bits 1 stop bit ```
50
Configure password in iOS | Console and telnet
Line con 0 Login Password bob Line vty 0 15 Login Password bob
51
Fields of UDP header
Source port Destination port Length Checksum
52
For QoS characteristics
Bandwidth Delay Jitter Loss
53
IOS command line: | Jump to start and end of line
Control-A and control-E
54
iOS command line | Jump to beginning and end of line
Control-A and Control-E
55
iOS command line | Interrupt current command
Control-shift-6
56
iOS command line | Redid play current command line - useful if console texts overruns it
Control-R
57
The 4 most common switch configuration modes
- Global (conf t) - Line (line vty 0) - Interface (int fe 0/0) - VLAN (vlan 1)
58
What is stored in flash memory?
iOS image
59
What are the two commands to check ssh status on a switch?
Show IP ssh: status info about the server itself | Show ssh: shows info about clients currently connected to switch
60
What is stored in nvram?
Startup config
61
What is stored in switch/router rom
Bootstrap program
62
Spanning tree: IEEE specification
802.1d
63
The three commands to erase switch nvram
Write erase Erase startup-config Erase nvram
64
How to jump back to enable mode from any configuration submode
End Or Control-Z
65
Commands to allow local user accounts in iOS
Line vty 0 15 Login local Username bob password pass Username Nancy password Jackson
66
How to enable/disable telnet management on a switch
transport input all or transport input telnet ssh: Support both transport input none: Support neither transport input telnet: Support only Telnet transport input ssh: Support only SSH”
67
The three switch banner commands
Banner # (MOTD) Banner login # (login) Banner exec # (post login) # = arbitrary delimiter
68
How do you set the history size for all sessions?
History size x | From console line or vty mode
69
Console logging commands
Logging console No logging console Logging synchronous (doesn't let logging interrupt command line)
70
Command to time out vty sessions
Exec timeout (minutes) (seconds)
71
Configure management IP on switch
``` Conf t Interface vlan 1 IP address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 (Or: IP address DHCP) No shutdown ```
72
Configuring switch port security steps
Switchport mode trunkOR | Switch pit
73
How to confirm IPv4 functioning (aside from config)
Show interface vlan 1
74
Show switch dhcp status
Show ip dhcp lease
75
How do you set the history size for this session only?
Terminal history size x
76
What is the switch command to encrypt passwords? (Line, vty, and ssh)
service password-encryption | No service password-encryption
77
What are the 2 vlan tagging protocols?
802.1Q and ISL (ISL is old news)
78
How many bits does 802.1q (and ISL) use for VLAN identification? How many vlan ids does this allow?
12 bits - (4096, but effectively 4094 because 0 and 4096 are reserved)
79
What are the normal and extended vlan ID ranges?
1-1005 and 1006-4094 | 1002-1005 are unavailable
80
Configure multiple switch interfaces at once
Interface range fastethernet 0/5 - 16
81
What is VTP and what are the three modes
Largely ignored, Vlan trunking protocol has three modes: server, client and transparent. It is normally left in transparent mode. If you find that you can only use 1-1005 you may not be in transparent mode.
82
How do you disable CDP globally and per interface?
Globally: no CDP run Int: no CDP enable
83
What is a runt?
It's a packet below the 64-byte minimum. Can be caused by collisions.
84
What are Giants?
Frames that exceed 1518 bytes.
85
What are late collisions?
Collisions that happen after the 64-byte mark. Shouldn't happen if all equipment is healthy. Can be a sign of Duplex mismatch!
86
Show to show Mac table
Show MAC address-table (note single hyphen.... Older units hyphenate Mac-address-table)
87
What are the two types of trunking?
ISL (old) and 802.1q
88
How to configure switch port trunk mode
Switchport trunk encapsulation isl | 802.1q |negotiate
89
What does DTP stand for
Dynamic trunking protocol
90
Commands to set up ssh on switch
Line vty 0 15 Logon local Username bob password bobpass Ip domain-name example.com Crypto key generate rsa Ip ssh version 2
91
Configuring port security
Switchport mode access (or trunk) Switchport port-security Switchport port-security maximum (max) Switchport port-security violation (protect|restrict|shutdown) Switchport port-security mac-address (mac) Or Switchport port-security Mac-address sticky
92
Port security: difference between protect, restrict and shutdown
Protect: block traffic from offender Restrict: block and log/snmp Shutdown: block, log and shutdown port
93
Does a switch port shutdown when a port security violation occurs?
No, it enters "error-disabled" status
94
Three ways to secure unused switch ports
Administratively shut down port Prevent VLAN trunking: Switchport mode access Assign to unused VLAN: Switchport access VLAN x Change native VLAN to non-default: Switchport trunk native VLAN x
95
Command to set allowed clans on a trunk
Switchport trunk allowed vlad (add/remove/all/except)
96
How to enble/disable CDP
No CDP enable / CDP enable Or No CDP run / CDP run
97
Which command shows all vlans on a switch and all interfaces assigned to the vlans (but not trunks)
Show vlan Or Show vlan brief
98
Which command shows both access and trunk ports In a particular vlan?
Show vlan Id
99
What is the command to show an interface's access and voice vlans plus the operational mode? (Access or trunk)
Show interfaces Switchport
100
WIC
WAN Interface Card
101
Show interface info on router
Show ip interface brief | Show interfaces
102
Can you discover all known vlans on a switch by looking at the running config?
No- this doesn't cover those learned by VTP
103
How do you find out if VTP is enabled on a switch?
Show VTP status
104
Two ways to shut down vlAn 30
Shutdown vlan 30 (global) Or Vlan 30 Shutdown
105
Can you use this command to configure both ends of a trunking link between switches? Switchport mode dynamic auto
No, auto is passive so neither end will negotiate trunking
106
What are the two best commands to diagnose trunking problems on a switch?
Show interfaces trunk | Show interfaces Switchport
107
What is the Cisco formal design process?
PPDIOO | “Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, and Optimize.”
108
Class A valid network numbers
1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0
109
Class B valid network numbers
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0
110
Class C valid network numbers
192.0.0.0 -223.255.255.0
111
``` Number of Class A networks Class B networks Class C networks And hosts per networks ```
A: 126 nets / 16,777,214 hosts B: 16384 nets / 65,534 hosts C: 2,097,152 nets / 254 hosts
112
Private network ip spaces
Class A: 10.0.0.0. Networks:1 Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0(16) Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0 (256)
113
RFC FOR private address spaces
RFC 1918
114
Line status / protocol status
Administratively Down/down: in is in shutdown Down/down: physical layer problem Up/down: data link layer problem - poss protocol mismatch Up/up: shamma!
115
Key router show commands
``` Show up interface brief (no masks) Show protocols Show interfaces (most detail) ```
116
Router wan link basic setup
Clock rate - needed if direct DCE DTE connection, otherwise CSU/DSU provides clock signal
117
Router: what show command shows the wan link clock rate?
Show controllers serial 1/1
118
When routing vlans, how does the switch port facing the router need to be configured?
Switchport mode trunk
119
How to set up vlan 10 on router port 0
Int fastethernet 0/0.10 Encapsulation dot1q 10 IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
120
Enable routing on a layer 3 switch (2900)
Sdm prefer lan-based-routing Int vlan 10 IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
121
Set secondary IP address on a router interface
IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.355.0 secondary
122
Allow zero subnet on router
Ip subnet-zero
123
Permanent ip route
Stays in routing table even if interface is down | Ip route bla bla bla permanent
124
IGP/EGP
Exterior/interior gateway protocol IGPs route within an Autonomous System, EGPs between them
125
ASN
Autonomous System Number
126
Command to show the router's OSPF neighbors
Show ip OSPF neighbors
127
OSPF Router ID
Router ID RID 32-bit number so often IP is convenient default. But can be configured.
128
OSPF Hello message is a....
Multicast IP protocol 89 Sent to 224.0.0.5
129
When will OSPF neighbors decide not to be neighbors?
If the IPs are not in the same subnet
130
Basic OSPF configuration
Router OSPF 1 (arbitrary process id- doesn't have to match other routers) Network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 (Octets with zero mask must match)
131
What does the OSPF wildcard mask match?
Networks on the router's own interfaces
132
Recommended OSPF area size
There is none- some texts recommend max 50 routers but it depends on CPU and RAM. "Few dozen" routers may call for using areas
133
Area border routers
OSPF: routers have to separate areas. Links always exist in a single area
134
What is the command to enable OSPF on an interface?
There isn't one. The addy determines whether the interface exists in the network that is OSPF enabled
135
OSPF configuration commands
Router OSPF 1 Router id 1.1.1.1 (optional) Network 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 [area 0]
136
Three IGP routing protocol algorithms
Distance vector Advanced distance vector (balanced hybrid)(EIGRP) Link state (Ospf, ISIS)
137
Default administrative distances for RIP, OSPF, EIGRP
120,110,90
138
How to set administrative distance on a route
Ip route 10.0.01 255.255.255.0 210
139
LSA
Link state advertisement
140
Finding out if an OSPF interface is passive
Show ip OSPF interface | Int brief ones that indicate passive status
141
How to advertise default route in OSPF
Default-information originate | Add always to advertise even if the route isn't working
142
What are the DHCP messages?
``` DORA discover Offer Request Acknowledgment ```
143
DHCP config steps
``` Ip dhcp excluded address (start) (end) Ip dhcp pool (name) Network (subnet-I'd) (mask) Or (subnet-I'd)(length) Default router (r1,r2) Dns server (s1,s2) Lease (days) (hours) (minutes) Domain-name (name) ```
144
DHCP server verification commands
Show ip dhcp binding Show ip dhcp pool Show ip DHCP statistics
145
DHCP conflicts
Show ip DHCP conflict | Clear ip DHCP conflict
146
Types of DHCP conflicts
``` Gratuitous arp (client) Ping (server found) ```
147
Access list commands
“access-list access-list-number {deny | permit} source [source-wildcard]” Interface: “ip access-group number {in | out}”
148
Difference between "show access-lists" and "show ip access-lists?
Show ip access lists - IPv4 only
149
Command to show Windows routes
Netstat -rn
150
Examples of classless and classful routing protocols
Classful: IGRP, RIP-1 Classless: RIP-2, EIGRP, OSPF
151
Dynamic nat- clear addys
Clear ip nat translation *
152
Set up ntp server Show ntp stats and status Show ntp server info Become ntp server
“# ntp server 172.16.2.2 version 4” show ntp status show ntp associations Ntp master
153
Private network ranges
10. 0.0.0-10.255.255.255 (1 network) 172. 16.0.0-173.31.255.255 (16 networks) 192. 168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (256 networks)
154
Dynamic NAT - PAT Setup
“ip nat inside source list acl-number interface type/number overload”

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