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Networking Fundamentals (THM) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is computer networking?

A

Connecting devices so that they can share data.

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2
Q

If Humans have 1)Names and 2) fingerprints, what do computers have?

A

1) IP Addresses
2) MAC Addresses

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3
Q

What does IP and MAC stand for?

A

Internet Protocol and Media Access Control

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4
Q

What are 2 IP addressing schemes and their respective number systems?

A

1) IPV4 (2^32)
2) IPV6 (2^128)

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5
Q

What is an IP address divided by?

A

4 Octets

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6
Q

What is Ping and what does it use?

A

Ping is a networking tool that uses ICMP packets to verify network connection and performance.

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7
Q

What is ICMP?

A

Internet Control Message Protocol

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8
Q

What is LAN?

A

Local Area Network

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9
Q

What is a LAN Topology?

A

The configuration of a LAN.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of Lan Topologies?

A

Star
Bus
Ring

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11
Q

What is the most efficient LAN topology? Give a positive and negative.

A

Star
Scalable and most efficient
Expensive

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12
Q

What is the cheapest LAN topology? Positive and Negative?

A

Bus
Easy set up and cost efficient
Can bottleneck and slowdown, dependent on backbone cable

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13
Q

What is the easiest LAN topology to fix? Positive and Negative?

A

Ring
Easy set up, more efficient than Bus topology
Dependent on every connected device and cable

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14
Q

What is a switch?

A

A device that connects other devices and tracks which port those devices are connected to.

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15
Q

What is a router?

A

A device that connects and passes data between networks.
Device that configures port forwarding.

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16
Q

What is routing?

A

Process of data travelling across networks.

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17
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol

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18
Q

What is a cache?

A

A ledger of addresses

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19
Q

What does ARP do?

A

Allows devices to connect to networks by associating their MAC to an IP. Each device on a network will track the MAC addresses associated to IPs on a network.

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20
Q

How does ARP work?

A

1)ARP Request
2)ARP Reply

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21
Q

What is an ARP Request?

A

Message sent on a network requesting the MAC address associated with a known IP address.

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22
Q

What is an ARP Reply?

A

If the MAC address associated with a known IP address is known by the device, it sends the MAC address to the device that made the ARP Request.

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23
Q

What does a device do after receiving an ARP Reply?

A

Stores the MAC address associated with an IP into its cache.

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24
Q

What is DHCP?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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25
What are the 4 steps of DHCP?
1)DHCP Discover 2)DHCP Offer 3)DHCP Request 4)DHCP Ack
26
What does DHCP Discover attempt to do?
Connect to a DHCP server
27
What is an OSI model?
Open Systems Interconnection model
28
What are the 7 steps in an OSI model?
1)Physical 2)Data Link 3)Network 4)Transport 5)Session 6)Presentation 7)Application
29
What is encapsulation? What does it have to do with the OSI model?
Information being added to data. Encapsulation occurs at every step of the OSI model.
30
What is the Physical layer of the OSI model?
Devices use electrical signals to transfer data between each other in a binary numbering system.
31
What is the Data Link layer of the OSI model?
Physical addressing of devices and presenting that data in suitable formats.
32
What is a NIC? What does it have? Which layer of the OSI model is it involved in?
1) Network Interface Card. 2) The MAC address physically burned into it. 3) The Data Link layer.
33
What is the Network layer of the OSI model?
Where routing and re-assembly of data occurs.
34
Name 2 different protocols in the Network layer of the OSI model
OSPF RIP
35
What is OSPF? (Network layer)
Open Shortest Path First
36
What is RIP? (Network layer)
Routing Information Protocol
37
What do devices in the Network layer of the OSI model use to communicate? What do they send and receive?
IP addresses Packets
38
What is the Transport layer of the OSI model?
How data is transmitted in a network and connection type
39
What are 2 different protocols in the Transport layer of the OSI model?
TCP & UDP
40
What is TCP? Which layer does it fit in the OSI model?
Transmission Control Protocol Transport
41
What is UDP? Which layer does it fit in the OSI model?
User Datagram Protocol Transport
42
What is the Session layer of the OSI model?
When a connection between 2 devices is made.
43
What is a technical term for an established connection? Which layer of the OSI model does this correspond to?
Session Session
44
What is the Presentation layer of the OSI model?
Translates software data from the application layer so that it's usable by the other OSI layers.
45
Which OSI model layer has data encryption?
Presentation
46
What is the Application layer of the OSI model?
Where users interact with the GUI and Network devices.
47
What important protocol can you find in the application layer?
DNS
48
What are packets?
A packet holds a frame, which holds data.
49
What are frames?
An "envelope" holds data.
50
What is a good metaphor that explains the relationship between packets and frames?
An envelope inside an envelope which holds a letter. The envelope that holds frames are called packets, and the envelope inside the envelope holding data is a frame.
51
At the data link layer, is there a frame or packet?
Frame
52
What is the name of a piece of data that has IP Addressing?
Packet
53
What is the name for a piece of data that doesn't have IP Addressing?
Frame
54
What is a colloquial term for TCP/IP
The Three Way Handshake
55
What is TCP?
Transmission Control Protocol
56
What is similar to TCP?
OSI Model
57
What are TCP and OSI?
Systems of rules for networking (connecting devices).
58
What are the layers of TCP/IP?
1) Application 2) Transport 3) Internet 4) Network Interface
59
Are packet structures always the same?
No, the structure depends on its purpose.
60
What also occurs in TCP/IP as in OSI?
Encapsulation
61
What is the reverse of encapsulation?
Decapsulation
62
What is the defining feature of TCP/IP?
It's connection-based
63
What is the typical structure of a Packet?
Divided into headers; packets added through encapsulation.
64
What is the structure of an IP packet?
Time to live Checksum Source Address Destination Address
65
What is "Time to Live" in IP packet structure?
Expiry timer in the event packets do not reach destination or abort
66
What is "Checksum" in IP packet structure?
Integrity checking protocol that checks for correct values and data corruption in data transmission.
67
What is "Source Address" in IP packet structure?
The IP address of the device that the packet is being sent from so that data knows where to return to.
68
What is "Destination Address" in IP Packet structure?
The device's IP address the packet is being sent to so that data knows where to travel next.
69
What is the structure of a TCP packet?
Source port Destination port Source IP Destination IP Sequence Number Ack number Checksum Data Flag
70
What are the steps of the 3 way handshake?
SYN SYN/ACK ACK DATA FIN RST
71
What is a SYN transmission?
SYN=SYNchronise A packet A SYN message is the initial packet sent by a client during the handshake. This packet is used to initiate a connection and synchronise the two devices together.
72
What is an SYN/ACK transmission?
A packet. This packet is sent by the receiving device (server) to acknowledge the synchronisation attempt from the client.
73
What is an ACK transmission?
The acknowledgement packet can be used by either the client or server to acknowledge that a series of messages/packets have been successfully received.
74
What is a DATA transmission?
Once a connection has been established, data (such as bytes of a file) is sent via the "DATA" message.
75
What is the FIN transmission?
This packet is used to close the connection after it has been complete.
76
What is the RST transmission?
This packet abruptly ends all communication if there are errors.
77
What is any sent data given?
A random number sequence.
78
What is ISN in TCP/IP? What is it used for?
Initial Sequence Number Ensuring the correct order of data transmission
79
Does the 3 way handshake occur in UDP?
No, it doesn't require a stable connection.
80
What is the structure of a UDP packet?
Time To Live (TTL) Source Address Destination Address Source Port Destination Port Data
81
Why type of connection is UDP?
Stateless
82
Why are ports essential?
They are where data is exhanged.
83
What is the numerical range for ports?
0-65535
84
Where is all web browser data sent?
Port 80
85
What is a common port?
0-1024
86
What is FTP?
File Transfer Protocol This protocol is used by a file-sharing application built on a client-server model, meaning you can download files from a central location.
87
What port is FTP allocated to?
Port 21
88
What is SSH?
Secure Shell This protocol is used to securely login to systems via a text-based interface for management.
89
What port is HTTP allocated to?
80
90
What is HTTP?
HyperText Transfer Protocol This protocol powers the World Wide Web (WWW)! Your browser uses this to download text, images and videos of web pages.
91
What is HTTPS?
HypterText Transfer Protocol Secure Same as HTTP, but in a secure way using encryption.
92
What port is HTTPS allocated to?
443
93
What is SMB?
Server Message Block This protocol is similar to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP); however, as well as files, SMB allows you to share devices like printers.
94
What port is SMB allocated to?
445
95
What is RDP?
Remote Desktop Protocol This protocol is a secure means of logging in to a system using a visual desktop interface (as opposed to the text-based limitations of the SSH protocol).
96
What is port forwarding?
How applications and services connect to devices outside their direct network.
97
What is a firewall?
A device that restricts traffic in a port.
98
What forms can a firewall take?
Large pieces of hardware, residential router or a software.
99
What are the categories of firewalls?
Stateful Stateless
100
What is a Stateful firewall?
Observes entire connection behaviour
101
What is a Stateless firewall?
Analyses individual packets
102
What is a VPN?
Virtual Private Network A program that makes devices from different networks connect and communicate securely.
103
What are the 2 main benefits of VPNs?
Privacy Anonymity
104
How does TryHackMe connect you to their vulnerable machines without making them accesible by the internet and having users breach agreements with their ISPs?
VPN
105
What are some technologies that VPNs use?
PTTP PPP IPSec
106
What is PPTP?
Point to Point Tunneling Protocol Allows data encrypted by PPP to be routed.
107
What is PPP?
Point to Point Protocol Unroutable tech that authenticates and encrypts data.
108
What is IPSec?
Internet Protocol Security Encrypts data using IP framework.
109
What is a Layer 2 Switch?
Only operates at Layer 2 and only sends frames to devices on its network using MAC Addresses.
110
What is a Layer 3 Switch?
Can send frames to devices on its network and use IP to send packets to devices outside its direct network.
111
What is VLAN?
Virtual Local Area Network Segregates LANs to improve security Example: creating 2 different IP Addresses for 2 different departments in a Business network.
112

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