NEU Flashcards
(701 cards)
Define:
Ataxia?
Proprioception?
Ataxia= A loss of control of bodily movements Proprioception= perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body
See spinal imaging analysis sheet
Example of spinal imaging
Main components of an intervertebral disc?
Centre: Nucleus pulposus
Around the outside: Fibrous ring
LABEL vertebra: Cranial articular facet? Dorsal spinous process? Caudal articular facet Intervertebral foramen? Nerve root outflow Transverse process? Part removed during facetectomy?
SEE image 1
SEE image 2
Labelled diagram of vertebral column?
SEE image 3
SEE image 4
Schematic of NS?
SEE image 5
Difference between somatic and autonomic NS?
Somatic NS= under voluntary control (cell bodies within CNS)
Autonomic NS= NOT under voluntary control
Components of CNS?
Brain
Spinal cord
Components of PNS?
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Trunks of autonomous nerves
Enteric nervous system
(NOTE: PNS= projections out from CNS, everything that attached onto CNS)
Diagram of CNS and PNS positions?
SEE image 6
Components of nerve tissue?
Nerve cells (neurones) Supporting cells (glia cells/neuroglia)
NOTE: nerve cells produce network of interconnecting fibres which conduct within NS
BRAIN:
Grey and white matter?
GREY MATTER (around periphery, cell bodies):
- Perikarya of neurons (either superficial -> cortex OR embedded in white matter -> nuclei)
- Glial cells (produce myelin in white matter)
- Neuropil (felt of axonic, dendritic and glial processes)
WHITE MATTER (in centre, axons):
- Many myelinated processes
- Glia cells (produce myelin in white matter)
NOTE: perikaryon= neuron cell body
NOTE: glial cells have many processes and may line other structures e.g. blood vessels- SEE IMAGE 10
SEE IMAGE 7
SEE IMAGE 8
SEE IMAGE 9
SPINAL CORD:
Grey and white matter?
GREY MATTER (butterfly-shaped centre)
WHITE MATTER (on outside)
PNS
What are cranial nerves?
12 pairs of nerves Originate from brain, exit from brainstem
Cranium has got in the way of their segmentation
Label: front to back
Arranged in phylogenetic order: e.g. olfaction= c.n.I- reflects evolution of CNS (Olfactory nerve is at front of brain as sense of smell is first useful sense for unicellular organism THEN optic nerve to allow vision (first few nerves are in phylogenetic order) THEN movement of jaw THEN gill flap movement etc.)
SEE IMAGE 12
3 groups of cranial nerves:
- Purely sensory
- Purely motor
- Mixed
PNS
What are spinal nerves?
Nerves emerging from spinal cord
Come out between vertebrae through foramina
Connect CNS and rest of body
Explain fore/hind limb plexus?
Ventral branches of spinal nerves form plexus- innervation of limbs
Forelimb: brachial plexus
Hindlimb: lumbosacral plexus
NOTE:
Radial nerve is made up of components from C7 C8 and T1- mix of nerves which come out of brachial plexus to make up components of the major nerves
SEE IMAGE 13
PNS
Where are perikarya located?
In ganglia (groups of perikarya outside the CNS, inside PNS) In CNS (voluntary control) (in nuclei of cranial nerves or in ventral and lateral horn of the spinal cord)
SEE IMAGE 14
What are ganglia?
> Group of perikarya OUTSIDE of CNS, INSIDE of PNS > Can be site for: - Synapses (GVE - autonomic NS) - Cell bodies (general afferent) - General swapping of nerve fibres
NOTE: Exception= part of Vth cr.n. which has some of its sensory cell bodies in a nucleus rather than a PNS ganglion
OR
> Cyst filled with synovial fluid
SEE IMAGE 15
COMPLETE
27 and 28
Difference between cranial and spinal nerves?
Cranial:
Mostly with specialised functions
(Optic nerve- has only sensory fibres, hypoglossal nerve- only motor)
Spinal:
Mostly mixed fibres (motor AND sensory fibres)
2 parts of autonomous NS?
Complementary systems
1.) Sympathetic NS:
> THORACOLUMBAR= First neuron located in thoracolumbar spinal cord
> Sympathetic ganglia are either paravertebral (sympathetic chain) or prevertebral (celiac ganglion, cran. & caud. mesenteric ganglia, medulla of adrenal glands)
> Functions:
- Vasoconstriction= diverts blood away from GI tract/skin
- Increase blood flow to skeletal muscle
- Bronchiole dilation in lungs= greater oxygen exchange
- Increase HR/cardiac muscle contractility= mechanism for increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
- Pupil dilation/lens relaxation= more light enters eye
2.) Parasympathetic NS:
> CRANIO-SACRAL=
First neuron located in brainstem OR sacral spinal cord
> Nearer effector organ- tends to have ganglia at effector organs
> Functions:
- Blood vessel dilation leading to GI tract= increase bloodflow for digestion as (metabolic demands placed on body by gut) AND accelerates peristalsis
- Constricts bronchiolar diameter when oxygen demand decreases
- Constricts pupil/lens
- Genital erection
Functions of the NS?
1.) Uptake of information=
> From OUTSIDE:
- eyes/nose etc.
> From INSIDE:
- Proprioception (receptors in muscles/tendons)
- Enteroception (intestines etc.)
2.) Transport of information=
> Afferent fibres (periphery -> CNS)
> Efferent fibres (CNS -> periphery)
(NOTE: many different pathways within CNS)
3.) Processing of information
> Simple: reflex
> Most processing is more complex: behaviour
> Storage of info.: memory
NOTE: somatic= go to muscles, visceral= go to visceral (the gut)
Where are perikarya found?
Grey matter
Within ganglia
Functions of the NS?
1.) Uptake of information=
> From OUTSIDE:
- eyes/nose etc.
> From INSIDE:
- Proprioception (receptors in muscles/tendons)
- Enteroception (intestines etc.)
2.) Transport of information=
> Afferent fibres (periphery -> CNS)
> Efferent fibres (CNS -> periphery)
(NOTE: many different pathways within CNS)
3.) Processing of information
> Simple: reflex
> Most processing is more complex: behaviour
> Storage of info.: memory
NOTE: somatic= go to muscles, visceral= go to visceral (the gut)
NOTE: Cranial nerves may have 1/2/3 divisions of information whereas peripheral nerves may have 5/6/7