Neural System 1

Question 1

what is ADHD?

Answer 1

a series of behavioral disorders

Question 2

what are the subtypes of ADHD?

Answer 2

1) . inattentive
2) . hyperactive-impulsive
3) . combined

Question 3

what is the etiology of ADHD?

Answer 3

multi-factorial:

environmental, genetic and biological factors

Question 4

what increases the risk of developing ADHD?

Answer 4

pre/perinatal expsoure to cigarettes/alcohol

Question 5

TX options of ADHD?

Answer 5

1) . stimulants
2) . Atomoxetine (Strattera)
3) . Other

Question 6

How do stimulants work?

Answer 6

block NE and dopamine reuptake

Question 7

boxed warnings with stimulants?

Answer 7

1) . increase CV risk

2) . abuse potential

Question 8

common AE for stimulants?

Answer 8

1) . decreased appetite/weight loss
2) . stomach ache
3) . insomnia
4) . HA
5) . irritability/jitteriness

Question 9

Rare/uncommon AE for stimulants?

Answer 9

1) . dysphoria
2) . “spacey”/zombie-like state
3) . tics/abnormal movements
4) . HTN, HR fluctuations
5) . hallucinations
6) . discolorations from patch

Question 10

Atomoxetine (strattera) MOA

Answer 10

selective NE re-uptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Question 11

Pro/Con of Atomoxetine (Strattera)?

Answer 11

less effective than stimulants but also less abuse potential

Question 12

AE of Atomoxetine (Strattera)

Answer 12

more fatigue, sedation and dizziness than stimulants

Question 13

boxed warnings for Atomoxetine (Strattera)

Answer 13

increased risk of suicide

Question 14

Other ADHD drugs

Answer 14

1) . alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
2) . Bupropion
3) . Lithium
4) . Anti-psychotics

Question 15

What is epilespy?

Answer 15

a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures

Question 16

what is a seizure?

Answer 16

a finite event resulting from excessive discharge of cerebral neurons causing transient impairments or loss of consciousness

Question 17

what can cause a seizure?

Answer 17

1) . too little GABA
2) . too much Glutamate
3) . CNS inflammation

Question 18

what is GABA?

Answer 18

main CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter > normally inhibits depolarization

Question 19

what is Glutamate?

Answer 19

an excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 20

What are the types of seizures?

Answer 20

1) . partial

2) . generalized

Question 21

what occurs in a partial seizure?

Answer 21

one cerebral hemisphere with no loss of consciousness

Question 22

what is a a generalized seizure?

Answer 22

effects both hemispheres and results in loss of consciousness

Question 23

Types of generalized seizures?

Answer 23

1) . Tonic/Clonic
2) . only Tonic
3) . only Clonic

Question 24

What is the most common type of generalized seizure?

Answer 24

Tonic/Clonic

Question 25

how long does an only tonic seizure last?

Answer 25

a few seconds

Question 26

how long does an only clonic seizure last?

Answer 26

a few seconds

Question 27

What occurs during a tonic/clonic seizure?

Answer 27

1) . rigid extensor spasm 1st 10-30 seconds | 2) . rhythmic flexor spasm 2-4 minutes

Question 28

during the rigid extensor spasm what can happen?

Answer 28

stopped respiration, poop, pee and salivate

Question 29

during the rhythmic flexor spasm what can happen?

Answer 29

continued loss of consciousness >> alertness will slowly return after

Question 30

what are the two types of epilepsy?

Answer 30

1) . Primary | 2) . Seconday

Question 31

What causes primary epilepsy?

Answer 31

it is idiopathic and accounts of 50% of cases

Question 32

what causes secondary epilepsy?

Answer 32

1) . in children: injury @ birth or metabolic disease | 2) . in adults: TBI

Question 33

TX for epilepsy

Answer 33

excitatory or inhibitory: 1) . antiepileptic drug (AED) 2) . antiseizure drug (SD) 3) . anti-convulsant

Question 34

drug TX for epilepsy depends on ____

Answer 34

1) . patient specific factors 2) . type of seizure 3) . response to previous meds

Question 35

goals for epilepsy TX

Answer 35

1) . eliminate seizures 2) . experience no AEs 3) . improve QOL

Question 36

AE of Epileptic drugs

Answer 36

1) . rash (Steven Johnson's Syndrome) 2) . neurotoxicity 3) . hypothyroidism

Question 37

At risk populations for Epilepsy

Answer 37

1) . Women 2) . pregnant women 3) . children 4) . elderly

Question 38

Therapeutic considerations for Epilepsy

Answer 38

1) . some drugs are NTI 2) . watch for sedation, dizziness and ataxia 3) . rashes 4) . bone marrow depression 5) . vitamin K deficiency 6) . ask about seizure activity 7) . know how to respond appropriately to a seizure

Question 39

therapeutic considerations for women and AEDs

Answer 39

1) . decreased ovarian function 2) . infertility 3) . PCOD 4) . weight gain

Question 40

what is PCOD?

Answer 40

polycystic ovarian disease