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Patho Exam 3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 levels of somatic sensation?

A

First order, Second order, Third order

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2
Q

What is the FIRST order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where do they transmit sensations to?

A

Detects sensations, send them to CNS

Relates to Gate Theory of pain

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3
Q

What is the SECOND order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where is it located?

What type of info does it process?

A

Transmitting messages to brain

Located in spinal cord

Processes nociceptive info

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4
Q

What is the THIRD order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where is it located?

A

Relays info from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Located in brain

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5
Q

Nociceptors are ______ receptors. Where are most of them located?

A

Pain; skin

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6
Q

These fibers are large, myelinated, and for _____ pain

A

A Delta; Fast

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7
Q

These fibers are small, unmyelinated, and for _______ pain

A

C; Slow

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8
Q

All somatosensory info from limbs & trunk share a common class of sensory neurons called what?

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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9
Q

A region of the body supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglion

A

A dermatome

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of pain?

A

Cutaneous, Deep somatic, Visceral, Referred, Neuropathic

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11
Q

This type of pain arises from superficial structures (like skin) and is sharp, burning, easily located

A

Cutaneous pain

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12
Q

This type of pain feels diffuse but deep; originates from deep body structures (muscles, joints, blood vessels)

A

Deep somatic pain

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13
Q

This type of pain is one of the most common pains produced by disease. Originates in visceral organs (chest, abdomen)

A

Visceral pain

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14
Q

This type of pain is perceived at a site different from its point of origin

A

Referred

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15
Q

What’s the difference between pain TOLERANCE and pain THRESHOLD?

A

Tolerance is how much someone will ENDURE before showing a response (kids pinching each other)

Threshold is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain (coldness can become painful)

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16
Q

Unpleasant hypersensitivity

A

Hyperesthesia

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17
Q

Increased painfulness

A

Hyperalgesia

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18
Q

Reduced/lost TACTILE sensation

A

Hypoesthesia/anesthesia

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19
Q

Reduced/lost TEMPERATURE sensation

A

Hypothermia/athermia

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20
Q

Reduced/lost PAIN sensation

A

Hypoalgesia/analgesia

i.e. analgesics like NSAIDs

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21
Q

Pain after no noxious stimuli

A

Allodynia

i.e. sensitive to touch

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22
Q

Heart rate and BP going in _______ direction signifies pain (acute)

A

Opposite

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23
Q

This type of pain is widespread that is not otherwise explainable

Evidence of _______ deficit

A

Neuropathic pain; sensory deficit

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24
Q

This is severe, brief, repetitive pain. What is most common type?

Where does it occur?

A

Neuralgia; trigeminal

Occurs along spinal or cranial nerve

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25
Clonus is a rhythmic ______ and _______.
Rhythmic contraction & relaxation Stretching muscle and its pulsating
26
This is the ability to take a motor message and put it into action
Coordination
27
What is paresis?
Weakness
28
What does "--plegia" signify?
Stroke or paralysis
29
What does "mono" signify?
One limb
30
What does "hemi" signify?
Both limbs on one side
31
What does "Di--" or "para" signify?
Both upper limbs
32
This is looking like you have muscle mass, but ____ & ________ replace muscle tissue
Pseudohypertrophy; fat & connective tissue replace muscle tissue
33
What are the 3 major players involved in the neuromuscular junction?
Receptor sites ACh ACh Esterase (E)
34
ACh E ______ Ach
Destroys
35
Botulism does what to ACh release?
Blocks it; eliminates muscle contractions
36
This is an autoimmune disease that is a ______ in ACh receptors
Myasthenia gravis; decrease
37
Which type of motor neurons are associated with skeletal muscle?
Lower
38
An example of this type of neuropathy is compression (carpal tunnel)
MONOneuropathies
39
An example of this type of neuropathy is Guillain-Barre syndrome. What is damaged?
POLYnephropathies; myelin sheath
40
The 3 pathways related to the cerebellum (little brain)
Vestibulo-- Spino-- Cerebro--
41
This cerebellar pathway functions to maintain equilibrium and posture i.e. nystagmus, truncal ataxia
Vestibulocerebellar
42
This cerebellar pathway coordinates movement of hands and fingers i.e. dysmetria
Spinocerebellar
43
This cerebellar pathway coordinates sequential body and limb movements i.e. "sobriety walk"
Cerebrocerebellar
44
This is AKA struggling to hold yourself up
Truncal ataxia
45
This is AKA over-- and underreacting movements
Dysmetria
46
This is AKA trouble with or lack of ability to perform coordinated muscular movements
Dystaxia, ataxia
47
AKA jerky movements
Chorea
48
AKA continuous twisting movements
Athetosis
49
AKA violent flinging movements
Ballismus
50
AKA rigidity of movement
Dystonia
51
Parkinson's is an issue with the _____ ______. Lack of ____ and overstimulation from ______
Basal ganglia Lack of dopamine; overstimulation from ACh
52
This disease damages both upper and lower motor neurons. No change in _________
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); NO CHANGE in cognition
53
Multiple sclerosis is ______-mediated. Destruction of CNS ________
Immune; myelin
54
In this immune-mediated disease process, plaques form in optic nerve, nerve tracts
MS
55
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is ________. Complete transection leads to _____ shock (classic SCI symptoms)
Irreversible; spinal/distributive shock
56
Complete SCI to UPPER motor neurons is from _____ and above. Do spinal reflexes still work?
T12; YES
57
Complete SCI to LOWER motor neurons is from _____ and below. Do spinal reflexes still work?
T12; NO they are damaged. Flaccid paralysis
58
Tenodesis is _______ wrists; damage to what nerve?
Over-extended; C6
59
With SCI pts, you should worry about ________ muscle function. May need to be on a ventilator
Respiratory
60
In this symptom of SCI, there is essentially no "break pedal" T6 and below have unfiltered sympathetic reflexes
Autonomic dysreflexia
61
The vasovagal response leads to _______ and potentially ________
Bradycardia, systole (heart simply stops)
62
What are 5 chronic complications of SCI?
``` Autonomic dysreflexia Vasovagal response Postural hypotension Immobility issues Temp regulation issues ```
63
What are 4 possible causes of brain damage?
Ischemia Excitatory amino acid injury Cerebral edema ICP
64
What are the 3 factors that contribute to intracranial pressure (ICP)?
CSF Blood from vasculature Brain
65
Brain death is the _______ loss of function of the brain
Permanent/irreversible
66
A vegetative state is loss of all ________ function and ________ of self/surroundings. Core functions (breathing etc.) remain intact
Cognitive function and awareness
67
Locked-in-Syndrome affects the _____ ____ ______. Injury to what artery?
Circle of Willis; basilar artery
68
The brain receives ___% of CO, and uses ___% of O2
15% CO | 20% O2
69
In ______ ischemia to brain, NO brain tissue is spared
Global
70
In ______ ischemia to brain, a singular area is receiving the injury
Focal
71
What are the 2 types of cerebral edema?
Vasogenic (ECF) | Cytotoxic (ICF)
72
Vasogenic cerebral edema is impairment of the _____, or the result of what 3 things?
Blood brain barrier; Hemorrhage Brain injury Infection
73
Cytotoxic cerebral edema is the result of ________ states or ___-____ failure
Hypo-osmotic; Na-K pump failure
74
In excitotoxic brain injury, brain cells begin to be what?
Digested! Calcium cascade-->enzyme release-->digestion of brain cells
75
Huntington disease and Alzheimer's can cause ________ brain injury
Excitotoxic
76
When does hydrocephalus occur?
When CSF is not able to exit through its normal pathway. Collects in ventricles
77
What are the 3 types of hydrocephalus?
NONcommunicating Communicating Acute
78
NONcommunicating hydrocephalus is _____ventricular. Caused by what?
Intra; obstruction (narrowing of path)
79
Communicating hydrocephalus is _____ventricular. Caused by what?
Extra; impaired absorption (making too much or exit is blocked)
80
What causes ACUTE hydrocephalus?
Head injury
81
What equation represents ICP?
ICP = CSF(10%) + Brain(80%) + Blood volume(10%)
82
______ ______ ______ is the pressure perfusing the brain. What is the equation?
Cerebral perfusion pressure CPP = MAP - ICP
83
______ brain injury causes ICP
Primary
84
What is a normal CPP range?
70-100 mmHg
85
What is an early sign of increased ICP?
Decrease in level of consciousness
86
Altered level of consciousness (LOC) implies ______ brain injury
Diffuse
87
In Glaslow coma scale, what does 3 mean? What does 15 mean?
``` 3 = lowest; very bad 15 = highest; good/alert ```
88
What are 3 manifestations of brain injury?
Pupillary reflexes & eye movements Abnormal flexion & extension posturing Respiratory response
89
AKA eyes that don't move when you turn the pt
Doll eyes
90
AKA pupils that can't contract; open as wide as they can; no reflex/muscle movement
Blown pupils
91
What are the 3 components of Cushing's Triad?
Irregular, decreased respirations Bradycardia Systolic hypertension (widening PP)
92
What are the 3 types of hematomas?
Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid
93
AKA above
Epi--
94
AKA below
Sub--
95
AKA dura mater
--dural
96
Epidural hematomas are _____ the dura mater. _____ bleeding
Above; fast/rapid
97
Subdural hematomas are ____ the dura mater. Rupture of _____ _____.
Below; bridging veins. Slow bleeding
98
This type of hematoma involves blood in the CSF-filled subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid hematoma. Clogs it like hair in a drain
99
What are the two types of stroke?
Ischemic, hemorrhagic
100
A _______ ischemic attack is a zone of penumbra without central infarct
Transient; practicing to have a stroke
101
This type of stroke involves a penumbra (halo) where tissue surround a necrotic core & receives marginal blood flow
Ischemic
102
This type of stroke is fatal!
Hemorrhagic
103
What are 3 types of brain tumors?
``` Primary intracranial (neuroepithelial tissue) Primary intracranial (cranium) Metastatic ```
104
AKA abnormal, excessive nerve firing
Seizure
105
What are the two types os seizure?
Provoked, unprovoked
106
What is status epileptics?
When someone begins seizing and can't break out of it
107
What is the consequence of status epileptics?
You'll run out of supplies (ATP, O2) because you're using too much Leads to hypoxemia & acidosis
108
Delirium is a ______ state of brain dysfunction. ______ onset
Acute; abrupt onset
109
With delirium, your _____ nervous system is overactive
Autonomic
110
Dementia is a _______ failure of many cerebral functions. _____ onset
Progressive; gradual onset
111
What is the greatest risk factor for dementia?
Age
112
Alzheimer's pts have ______ ACh, ______ enlargement, neuritic ______
Decreased; ventricular, plaques
113
What do the neurofibers of Alzheimer's pts look like?
Tangled up
114
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome and Huntington disease are a type of what?
Dementia
115
Pts with Huntington disease have a degeneration of the ______ ______. Produces localized death of what?
Basal ganglia; death of brain cells
116
There is a depletion of what neurotransmitter in Huntington disease?
GABA
117
Meningitis is infection of what?
Meninges
118
Encephalitis is infection of what?
Brain parenchyma (aka functional tissue)
119
Myelitis is infection of what?
Spinal cord
120
Encephalomyelitis is infection of what?
Brain AND spinal cord (combo of both)
121
Meningitis is inflammation of what three things?
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space
122
What is nuchal rigidity?
Super stiff neck
123
With Kernig's sign, pt has pain when ______ is lifted __ degrees
Leg lifted 90 degrees

Patho Exam 3 (4 decks)

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