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Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

End of spinal cord

A

L1-L2

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2
Q

Cervical Vertebra

A

C1-C7

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3
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A

T1-T12

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4
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A

L1-L5

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5
Q

Saccral Vertebra

A

S1-S5

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6
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

C5-T1

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7
Q

Lumbo-sacral Enlargement

A

L1-S2

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8
Q

What arteries would affect the internal Capsule?

A

Lenticulostriate off MCA

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9
Q

Mid brain structure that contributes to the basal ganglia pathway

A

Substantia nigra

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10
Q

What structure in the brain cordinates the item with the context

A

Hippocampus

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11
Q

What structure in the brain computes the item and context SEPARATELY by using information from the association ctx

A

Parahippocampus

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12
Q

Facts of Declarative memory are stored and processed where?

A

Processed: Association Cortex & Hippocampus
Stored: Association Cortex
fACts
AC = association cortex in each

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13
Q

Events of Declarative memory are stored and processed where?

A

Processed: Hippocampus
Stored: Hippocampus & Association Cortex

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14
Q

Hypothalamus Regulates

A 
Blood Osmolarity (Thirst = ADH / No thirst = Oxytocin)
Blood Volume
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Homeostasis
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15
Q

Hypothalamus Responds to Stress by releasing

A 
Glucocorticoids
Glycogen storage decreses
HR incresaes
Blood pressure Increases
Immune response decreases
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16
Q

Three methods for consensual eye action

A
  1. Optic Chiasm
  2. Pretectal Nuclei projecting to contralateral Edinger Westphal
  3. Pretectal Nuclei projecting to both Edinger Westphal
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17
Q

Track of sympathetics to Eye

A
  1. 1st neuron starts in hypothalamus and synapses in intermediolateral column of spinal cord
  2. 2nd neuron leaves via ventral horn to sympathetic trunk and synapses in superior cervical ganglion
  3. 3rd neuron merge with the long cilliary via V3
    3rd neurons are noradrenergic

DO NOT SYNAPSE IN CILIARY GANGLION

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18
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis (no sweating)
Heterochromia

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19
Q

Which reflex is involved in balancing the body?

A

Cortico-spinal reflex

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20
Q

Which reflex is involving when the body is falling?

A

Vestibulo-spinal

Puts out hand to brace fall

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21
Q

Difference between feed forward and feed back control

A

Feed forward is a proactive response to an incoming stimuli
Feed back is like a reflex
NB: both forward and back are learned and improved over time.

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22
Q

Second Order Neurons from the cortico-rubro-spinal tract synapse on

A

Interneurons only

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23
Q

Where is CSF

A

subarachnoid

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24
Q

Layers of Cerebral Cortex (From outside in)

A

I: Molecular Layer: terminal branches
II: External Granular: Small Pyramidal
III: External Pyramidal: Medium Pyramidal
IV: Internal Granular: Astrocytes
V: Internal Pyramidal: Large Pyramidal
VI: Polymorphic: Interneurons, dendrites, pyramidal

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25
What are Nissl Bodies?
Clusters of rough ER in the caudal part of the Neuron. | Nissle bodies are NOT found in the Axon or axon hillock
26
Layers of Cerebellar Cortex?
I. Molecular Layer: Stellate and basket cells II: Purkinje Layer: Dendrites in molecular layer with axons passing into white matter III: Granule Layer: Small neurons that project to I
27
Purkinje Cells indicate
Cerebellum
28
Satelite Cells surround
Dorsal Ganglion Cell bodies in the PNS
29
Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts
Provide Nutrients to access the axon despite being highly myleninated
30
Merkel's Disc
Located on Rete Pegs Slowly adapting Senses static pressure
31
Paccinian Corpuscle
Located in Dermis/ Epidermis Quickly adapting Sesnse pressure vibration
32
Meissner Corpuscle
Located in Papillary layer of epidermis Quickly adapting Senses pressure and vibration
33
Enzyme that converts histidine to histamine
histidine decarboxylase
34
Enzyme that breaksdwon histamine
MAO | No neuron specific uptake of either histidine or histamine
35
Transporter of ACh into vessicle?
VACh
36
Reuptake of Choline
ChT | Using Na+ cotransport
37
Transporter of GABA into vessicle
VIATT
38
Reuptake of GABA
GAT
39
Enzyme that converts Glutamic Acid to GABA
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase | Requires Vit B6
40
Enzyme that converts serine to glycine
SHMT
41
Transporter of glycine into vesicle
VIATT
42
Reuptake of Glycine
GlyT1 (astrocytes) | GlyT2 (pre-synaptic cell)
43
Rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis
Tyrosine to Dopa via Tyrosine Hydroxylase
44
Effects of Cocaine
Blocks DAT and NET i.e. reuptake of Dopamine blocks reuptake of Noraepinephrine and Dopa via NET
45
Reuptake of Serotonin
SERT
46
Packaging of Serotonin into vessicles
VMATT
47
Key differences between peptides and small molecule NT
peptides are much larger. Are formed as pre-propeptides that are inactive Peptides must be formed in the cell soma, while Small NT can be formed at the nerve terminal
48
Peptides are found in
Large Dense Core Vessicles
49
What SNAP binds to Ca2+ CHANNELS
Syntaxin
50
Which two fascial layers in the Danger Space between?
Retrovisceral/ Retropharyngeal and Prevertebral
51
posterior superior temporal gyrus involved in?
Recognition of Syllable Elements
52
posterior medial temporal gyrus
Recognition of lexical and grammer
53
Conduction Aphasia
Left severance of arcuate fibers between Broca's Area and Wernike's Area. Patient can talk fluently and understand however they make many mistakes and try to correct themselves.
54
Stages of Sleep
Stage I: Drowsy Stage II: Light Sleep, presence of sleep spindles Stage III: increasing slow waves Stage IV: increasing slow waves (slow wave sleep) REM: looks like awake EEG
55
Which stage of sleep has delta waves?
Deep Sleep | Stage IV
56
What nucleus inhibits muscle movement during sleep?
Pontine Reticular Formation (PRF) | GABAergic neurons
57
Which stage of sleep has alpha waves?
Drowsy sleep | Stage I
58
Where in the brainstem is the inferior salivatory nuclues
Medulla
59
Where in the brainstem is the superior salivatory nucleus
Pons
60
Superior Colliculus indicates
Rostral Midbrain
61
Lack of Sensory and motor functions of face and muscles of mastication localize to?
Mid Pons | Effect the trigeminal motor, principle sensory of trigeminal, mesencephalic nucleus
62
Accsesory Cuneate Nucleus is part of what system/ what does it do?
Part of the cuneocerebellar pathway. Provides input of muscle stretch and muscle tension from arms. Receives input through Ia (Spindles) and Ib (GTO) and transfers that info to Cerebellum. Cuneocerebellar pathway later joins with dorsal spino-cerebellar pathway
63
Which is smaller Dorsal Root Cells or Sympathetic Cells
Sympathetic cells are smaller | Sympathetic cells also have less satellite cells surrounding them
64
Which cortex is involved in bilateral motor projections such as playing the piano?
Supplementary Motor Cortex
65
pontine reticulo spinal tract does what to muscle contraction
facilitates | Pontine = Pro
66
medulary reticulo-spinal tract does what to muscle contractiosn?
Inhibits | Medullary = Minus
67
Three Lobes of Cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum: Most Recent contains dentate Vestibulo-cerebellum: Primitive brain Spino-Cerebellum: Compose of Vermix, gets copy of motor activity
68
Micro-circuit Loop
Cerebral Cortex to Lateral Cerebellum via Pontine Nucleus To Thalamus
69
Cerebellar Learning Pathway
Neuron Leaves via inferior peduncle Syanapses on CONTRA inferior olive Ascends to cortex
70
What do you test with a Canine infection and why?
Test eye movement to see if the infection has spread to the cavernous sinus
71
Which portion of the hypothalamus sends projections to the posterior pituitary?
Supraoptic area | Releases ADH when thirsty
72
Hypothalamus is major structure in brain related to?
Homeostasis
73
During Horizontal eye movement, the burst phase is done by ____ and the tonic phase is done by?
``` Burst = PPRF Tonic = nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi (nPh) ```
74
Vertical and Horizontal gaze are BOTH triggered by
RIP
75
During vertical gaze, the burst phase is done by____ and the tonic phase is done by _____?
``` Burst = riMLF Tonic = Cajal ```
76
Superior Colliculus Maps according to
Size and direction of movement
77
Parietal Cortex is dependent upon
Superior Colliculus
78
Just notable difference
The smallest change that we can percieve | i.e 1/77 shows greater sensativity than 1/5
79
Most sensory systems are_____
compressive
80
Perception is dictated by
Weighted average of the senses and their reliability given the circumstance
81
McGurk Effect demonstartes
how hearing is effected by vision and that we have a bias towards vision

OS1 (2 decks)

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