Neuro

Question 1

What comprises the central nervous system?

Answer 1

The brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What comprises the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and muscles.

Question 3

Gray matter

Answer 3

Neuronal cell bodies

Question 4

White matter

Answer 4

Neuronal axons coated with myelin

Question 5

Regions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 5

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Basal ganglia- affect movement
Diencephalon- thalamus processes sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex; hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

Question 6

Brainstem

Answer 6

• connects upper part of brain with spinal cord
• three sections: midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 7

Reticular activating system

Answer 7

The interaction between cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and upper brainstem produces consciousness.

Question 8

Cerebellum

Answer 8

• lies at the base of the brain
• coordinates all movement
• helps maintain body upright in space

Question 9

Where are lumbar punctures most often performed to avoid injury to the spinal cord?

Answer 9

L3-L4 or L4-L5 vertebral interspaces

Question 10

What are the segments of the spinal cord,

Answer 10

• cervical (C1-C8)
• thoracic (T1- T12)
• lumbar (L1-L5)
• sacral (S1-S5)
• coccygeal

Question 11

Somatic nervous system

Answer 11

• relies on the PNS
• regulates muscle movements and response to sensations of touch and pain

Question 12

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 12

• connects to internal organs to control autonomic functions like digestion and maintenance of blood pressure
• sympathetic nervous system: mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal
• parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation

Question 13

CN I

Answer 13

Olfactory- sense of smell

Question 14

CN II

Answer 14

Optic- vision

Question 15

CN III

Answer 15

Oculomotor- pupillary constriction, lid elevation, most extraocular movements

Question 16

CN IV

Answer 16

Trochlear- downward, internal rotation of the eye

Question 17

CN V

Answer 17

Trigeminal
- motor: temporal and masseter muscles (jaw clenching), lateral jaw movement
- sensory: facial (1) ophthalmic, (2) maxillary, (3) mandibular

Question 18

CN VI

Answer 18

Abducens- lateral deviation of the eye

Question 19

CN VII

Answer 19

Facial
- motor: facial movements including those of facial expression, closing the eye, and closing mouth
- sensory: tasty for salty, sweet, sour, and bitter substances on the anterior two- thirds of the tongue and sensation from the ear

Question 20

CN VIII

Answer 20

Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance

Question 21

CN IX

Answer 21

Glossopharyngeal
- motor: pharynx
- sensory: posterior portions of the eardrum and ear canal, the pharynx, and the posterior tongue, including taste (salty, sweet, sour, bitter)

Question 22

CN X

Answer 22

Vagus
- motor: palate, pharynx, and larynx
- sensory: pharynx and larynx

Question 23

CN XI

Answer 23

Spinal accessory
- motor: the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 24

CN XII

Answer 24

Hypoglossal
- Motor: tongue

Question 25

What does upper motor neuron or corticospinal tract damage lead to?

Answer 25

Increased muscle tone and hyperreflexia because lower motor neurons are disinhibited.

Question 26

What does lower motor neuron damage cause?

Answer 26

Decreased muscle tone and hyporeflexia; atrophy and fasciculations

Question 27

Corticospinal tract

Answer 27

- Damage causes weakness - mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements

Question 28

Basal ganglia system

Answer 28

Damage causes rigidity, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), involuntary movements, and/or disturbances in posture and gait. - maintains normal muscle tone, controls body movements (especially gross automatic movements such as walking)

Question 29

Cerebellar system

Answer 29

Damage can impair coordination, gait, equilibrium, and decrease muscle tone. Can also cause nystagmus or dysarthria. - receives both sensory and motor input and coordinates motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps control posture.

Question 31

A 55 year old comes to the ER with concerns of headache that occurred suddenly and is achy, rates 10/10. She does get headaches, but this one is different. Which of the following is the most concerning sign or symptom?

Answer 31

The headache is more severe than pervious headaches and feels hot and achy.

Question 32

When performing extraocular movements, the examiner is evaluating cranial nerves

Answer 32

III, IV, VI

Question 33

An assessment of the motor system reveals limited ability of the patient to perform ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, indicating abnormalities in

Answer 33

L4, L5, S1

Question 34

The examiner wishes to assess position sense. This is best accomplished by the use of

Answer 34

Romberg Test

Question 35

In the assessment of reflexes, a grading scale of 0-4 is utilized. Average/normal reflexes are documented as:

Answer 35

2/4

Question 36

Lumbosacral radiculopathy is best assessed with a

Answer 36

Straight leg raise

Question 37

One portion of the assessment of the comatose patient is arousal. The function of arousal is dependent on the………….of the brain.

Answer 37

Reticular activity system

Question 38

You have a patient come to the clinic with decreased sensation to right lower leg. Which statement is true regarding how you would approach your assessment?

Answer 38

You would want to check for vibration using a tuning fork starting distal and going in more proximal.

Question 39

It is especially important to test for ankle clonus if

Answer 39

Deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive.

Question 40

Match the cranial nerve with its function

Answer 40

CN I sense of smell CN V clench your jaw CN VIII able to maintain balance CN VII smile that is symmetrical