Neuro Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Structural Imaging
A
Views anatomy of the brain
2
Q
2 types of structural imaging
A
- Computerized Tomography (CT)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3
Q
Computerized Tomography (CT)
A
- Combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles to create cross-sectional images of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues
- More detailed than regular x-rays
4
Q
Pros of CT
A
- Commonly used
- Quickly processed
5
Q
Cons of CT
A
- X-ray/cancer risk
- Only shows structures
- Poorer quality of image
6
Q
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A
Uses a strong magnetic field to produce high quality images
7
Q
Pros of MRI
A
- Better image
- Multiple dimensions
- No radiation
8
Q
Cons of MRI
A
- More expensive
- Cannot be used if metal is in body - Must stay still
9
Q
Functional Imaging
A
Views physiology of the brain
10
Q
2 types of functional imaging
A
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)/ Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
11
Q
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A
- Image is based on glucose metabolism in brain
- Scan used dye with radioactive tracers; emitted radiation is detected and image is formed
12
Q
Pros of PET
A
Good image of location of brain activity
13
Q
Cons of PET
A
Radioactive material used
More expensive
14
Q
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A
- Detects electrical activity in brain using flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to scalp
- Brain activity shows up as a wavy line
15
Q
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
A
Allows measurement of ongoing brain activity millisecond by millisecond
16
Q
Pros of EEG and MEG
A
- Low cost
- Readily available
- Info on brain function
17
Q
Cons of EEG and MEG
A
No image quality
18
Q
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A
- Both structural and functional
- Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
- No contrast needed (compared to PET)
19
Q
Pros of fMRI
A
- Safe
- Can see structure and function at the same time
20
Q
Cons of fMRI
A
- Expensive
- Not wide spread
21
Q
Imaging Techniques
A
Spatial resolution and temporal resolution
22
Q
Spatial resolution
A
Location of brain activity when a stimulus is introduced)
23
Q
Temporal Resolution
A
Time between when a stimulus is presented and brains response to stimulus
24
Q
CN I
Olfactory
A
- Function (sensory): smell
- What happens if compromised: anosmia (no smell)
25
CN II
Optic
- Function (sensory): vision
- What happens if compromised: visual disturbances
26
CN III
Oculomotor
- Function (motor): Moves eyes left and right; controls eyelids
- What happens if compromised: loss of pupillary light reflex
27
CN IV
Trochlear
- Function (motor): moves eyes up and down
- What happens if compromised: diplopia
28
CN V
Trigeminal
- Function (sensory): touch, pain, temp for face, mouth, anterior ⅔ of tongue
- Function (motor): mastication
- What happens if compromised: difficulty chewing
29
CN VI
Abducens
- Function (motor): rotates eyes out
- What happens if compromised: eyes rotate in
30
CN VII
Facial
- Function (motor): muscles of face
- Function (sensory): sensation near ears, tastes in anterior ⅔ of tongue, salivary glands
- What happens if compromised: taste loss
31
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear/ Auditory
- Function (sensory): hearing and balance
- What happens if compromised: hearing loss
32
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
- Function: pharyngeal movement, taste, gag reflex
- What happens if compromised: absent gag and swallow reflex (can’t protect airway)
- Sensory and motor
33
CN X
Vagus
- Function: heart, lungs, digestive tract
- What happens if compromised: loss of voice
- Sensory and motor
34
CN XI
Spinal Accessory
- Function (motor): neck and shoulder muscles
- What happens if compromised: droopy shoulder
35
CN XII
Hypoglossal
- Function (motor): muscles of tongue
- What happens if compromised: loss of tongue movement
36
Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
37
CNS
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
38
PNS
- Network of nerves that connect to CNS and rest of the body; divided into somatic and autonomic
39
Somatic
- Part of PNS
- Carries messages from sensory organs to CNS
40
Autonomic
- Part of PNS
- Regulates involuntary functions (heart rate); divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
41
Sympathetic branch
- Part of autonomic system
- Mobilizes bodily resources in response to threat by speeding up heart rate and respiration (fight, flight, freeze, forfeit)
42
Parasympathetic branch
- Part of autonomic system
- Replenishes bodily resources by promoting digestion and slowing down other bodily processes (rest and digest)
43
Sensory neurons
- Afferent
- Carries sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain
44
Motor neurons
- Efferent
- Transmit impulses away from the CNS
45
Interneurons
Most common type in nervous system; link neurons with other neurons (important in controlling movement)
46
Ranchos Los Amigos
- Scale used to rate how people with a brain injury are recovering
- 10 levels of recovery noted in the scale helps decide when a patient is ready for rehabilitation
- Each level describes a general pattern of recovery, with a focus on cognition and behavior
47
Ranchos Los Amigos Levels
- Level 1: No Response to ALL stimulus (Total assist)
- Level 2: Response to Pain through gross bodily movement and vocalization= Inconsistent (Total assist)
- Level 3: Response to Discomfort stimuli consistently when localized with commands (Total assist)
- Level 4: Confused Agitated Inappropriate (Max assist)
- Level 5: Confused Non Agitated Inappropriate (Max assist)
- Level 6: Confused Appropriate Response (Mod Assist-Max Assist)
- Level 7: Automatic-Robotlike, Appropriate (Mod Assist)
- Level 8: Purposeful Appropriate response (Min Assist, Stand By Assistance)
- Level 9: Purposeful Appropriate Response (SBA)
- Level 10: Purposeful Appropriate (Modified Independent)
48
Glasgow Coma Scale
- Used to measure decreases in consciousness (how well your nervous system is working)
- Widely used tool for measuring comas and decreases in consciousness
49
Glasgow Coma Scale
(Eye Opening Response)
- Eyes open spontaneously (4 points)
- Eyes open to verbal command or speech (3 points)
- Eyes open to pain- not applied to face (2 points)
- No eye opening (1 point)
50
Glasgow Coma Scale
(Verbal Response)
- Oriented (5 points)
- Confused conversation (4 points)
- Inappropriate responses (3 points)
- Incomprehensible sounds or speech (2 points)
- No verbal response (1 point)
51
Glasgow Coma Scale
(Motor Response)
- Obeys commands for movement (6 points)
- Purposeful movement to painful stimulus (5 points)
- Withdraws from pain (4 points)
- Abnormal (spastic) flexion (3 points)
- Extensor (rigid) response (2 points)
- No motor response (1 point)
52
Glasgow Coma Scale
(15 point scale)
- Minor brain injury (13-15 points)
- Moderate brain injury (9-12 points)
- Severe brain injury (3-8 points)
53
Core Cognitive Functions
ACREOS
Attention, cognition, receptive, expressive, oral motor, swallow
54
5 levels of attention
Focused
Sustained
Selective
Alternative
Divided
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Focused attention
brain's ability to concentrate on a stimulus for various lengths of time
56
Sustained attention
to focus on a specific activity for a long time period
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Selective attention
directing attention to a particular stimulus while other things are occurring simultaneously
58
Alternative attention
A person is successful in alternating their attention between more than one task even if they require different cognitive demands or engagement.
59
Divided attention
A person’s ability to process different responses or react to different demands simultaneously. This can also be referred to as multitasking.
60
Types of memory
Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
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Semantic memory
The ability to recall facts and remember general knowledge.
62
Episodic memory
Storing personal memories and experience
63
Procedural memory
A non declarative memory, or remembering different skills
and habits
64
5 general cognitive functions
Perceiving
Remembering
Comprehending
Judging
Reasoning
65
Spinal cord 3 functions
1. Sends motor commands from the brain to body
2. Sends sensory information from body to brain
3. Coordinates reflexes
66
Spinal Cord Parts
Cervical: C1-C7
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5
Coccyx
67
Cerebellum 4 main functions
1. Planning motor movement using sensory feedback
2. Coordinates fine motor activity
3. Monitors head and body positions
4. Participates in learning of new motor skills
68
Brainstem (Life function center) 3 parts
1. Midbrain (motivation and reward center)
2. Pons (motor control of oral structures)
3. Medulla Oblongata (reflexes)
69
Brainstem 3 functions
1. Regulates major life functions
2. Regulates alertness and wakefulness
3. Mediates reflexes
70
Protection of the brain
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and ventricles (fluid filled spaces)
- Meninges
- Blood- brain barrier
71
Cerebral markings
- Gyri
- Sulci
- Convolutions
- Fissure
72
Gyri
- Wrinkles/ folds on brain
- Pre-central: in the front, voluntary motor
- Post-control: in the back, sensation
73
Sulci
- Valleys/ crevices between gyri
- Central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobe
74
Convolutions
Collective term for gyri and sulci
75
Fissure
- Deep groove in brain's surface
- Lateral fissure: separates temporal and frontal lobe
- Medial longitudinal fissure: right and left hemispheres of brain divided
76
Grey matter
40% of the brain; 94% oxygen
Made of cell bodies and controls processing
77
White matter
60% of the brain
Made of myelinated fibers and controls communication between grey matter areas to and from the body
78
Frontal lobe
integral to personality, awareness, executive functioning, emotional response
79
Occipital lobe
visual perception system
80
Parietal lobe
visual perception, tactile perception, goal directed voluntary movements
81
Temporal lobe
intellect, auditory perception, long term memory, visual perception
