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Justin Lyle Cards > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when glutamate is transferred by a transporter into the glial cell, it is converted into ____________________ via ____________________ and transported back into the glutamatergic axon terminal

A

glutamine; glutamine synthetase

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2
Q

glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft via __________________ dependent exocytosis

A

calcium

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3
Q

what are the different ionotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?

A
  1. AMPA 2. Kainicacid (KA) 3. NMDA
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4
Q

Kainicacid is an ionotropic receptor which is found in high levels where?

A
  1. hippocampus 2. cerebellum 3. spinal cord
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5
Q

for ionotropic NMDA receptors to become activated, what is required?

A
  1. the AMPA receptor must already be activated 2. glutamate binding + glycine binding at separate sites.
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6
Q

what are the metabotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?

A

type I, II, and III g-protein coupled glutamate receptors

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7
Q

type I g-coupled protein gluamate receptors cause what?

A
  1. neuronal excitation by activating non-selective cation channels 2. activate phospholipase C leading to IP3 mediated intracellular Ca2+ release
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8
Q

type I g-coupled protein glutamate receptors are located ________________, type II and III are located ____________________

A

post-synaptically; pre-synaptically

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9
Q

type II and III g-coupled protein glutamate receptors cause what?

A
  1. inhibition of calcium channels –> inhibition of NT release 2. inhibition of adenyl cyclase –> decreases generation of cAMP
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10
Q

GABA and glycine are inhibitory NT released from __________________

A

interneurons

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11
Q

glycine is restricted to _______________ and _____________

A

spinal cord and brainstem

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12
Q

GABA is found

A

all throughout the CNS

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13
Q

glycine receptors are selectively permeable to __________________

A

chloride

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14
Q

______________________ receptors are post-synaptic receptors which mediate the FAST component of INHIBITORY action potentials

A

GABA-a

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15
Q

which GABA receptor type is an ionotropic receptor that is selectively permeable to Cl-?

A

GABA-a

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16
Q

____________________ is a receptor that is found presynaptic or post-synaptic and mediates the SLOW component of inhibitory action potentials

A

GABA-b

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17
Q

which GABA receptor subtype is a metabotropic receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and cAMP generation by inhibiting either Ca channels or activating potassium channles

A

GABA-b

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18
Q

which GABA-b receptor inhibits transmitter release by inhibiting Ca2+?

A

presynaptic

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19
Q

which GABA-b receptor selectively increases K+ conductance resulting inhibitory potential that is long lasting and slow

A

post synaptic

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20
Q

Propofol is an agonist to which specific receptor?

A

GABA -a

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21
Q

dopamine generally exerts a slow _______________ action on CNS neurons

A

inhibitory

22
Q

what are the 2 major pathways that dopamine is located in?

A
  1. substantia nigra to neostriatum 2. ventral tagmental region to limbic structures
23
Q

there are ________ dopamine receptors divided into _____ categories

A

5; 2

24
Q

what are the 2 categories that dopamine receptors are divided into?

A

D1- like & D2 like

25
Q

which dopamine receptors are “D1-like”

A

D1 and D5

26
Q

which dopamine receptors are D2 like ?

A

D2, D3, and D4

27
Q

all dopamine receptors are ________________ receptors

A

metabotropic

28
Q

all noradrenergic receptors are __________________

A

metabotropic

29
Q

norepinephrine enhances ____________________ inputs by indirect and direct mechanisms

A

excitatory

30
Q

indirect norepinephrine excitatory input MOA

A

via disinhibition, i.e. - the inhibitory action of local circuit neurons are inhibited

31
Q

direct norepinephrine excitatory input MOA

A

blockade of K+ conductances that slow neuronal discharge mediated by alpha 1 or B receptors

32
Q

serotonin is __________________

A

inhibitory

33
Q

serotonin originates from neurons in the raphe or midline regions of the __________________ and _________________

A

pons; upper brainstem

34
Q

all serotonin receptors are metabotropic except for the _________________ Receptor

A

5-HT3

35
Q

5-HT3 serotonin receptors exerts a rapid _______________________ action in a very limited number of sites within the CNS

A

excitatory

36
Q

in most areas of the CNS serotonin has a strong inhibitory action associated with ?

A

membrane hyperpolarization via increase in K+ conductance

37
Q

T/F: serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and GABAb receptors activate the same population of K+ channels

A

TRUE

38
Q

serotonin receptors are associated with regulatory functions of:

A
  1. sleep 2. temperature 3. appetite 4. neuroendocrine control
39
Q

peptide neurotransmitter examples

A
  1. opioid peptides (enkephalins and endorphins) 2. substance P 3. somatostatin 4. cholecystokinin
40
Q

________________________ is contained in and released from small unmyelinated primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, and causes a slow excitatory post synaptic potential in target neurons

A

substance P

41
Q

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is activated by __________________ and _________________ receptors which increases intracellular ______________ resulting in the generation of nitric oxide

A

calcium-calmodulin; NMDA; calcium

42
Q

which neurotransmitter is not stored, but is synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses into neighboring cells?

A

Nitric oxide

43
Q

_________________ is a neurotransmitter that is possibly responsible for long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the cerebellum

A

nitric oxide

44
Q

endogenous cannabinoids function as _____________________

A

retrograde synaptic messengers

45
Q

endocannabinoids are released from ________________ neurons and travel to the ________________ receptor on the ___________________ neuron suppressing transmitter release

A

post-synaptic; CB1; pre-synaptic

46
Q

endocannabinoid neurotransmitters affect __________________, ___________________, and __________________

A

memory; cognition; pain perception

47
Q

__________________ is allosteric to endorphins and enkephalins

A

endocannabinoids

48
Q

__________________ is a sedative hypnotic with low potency, fosters a state of well being and euphoria at low to moderate amounts

A

alcohol

49
Q

what is the most commonly abused drug in the world?

A

alcohol

50
Q

utilizing alcohol in dangerous situations, or continuing to drink in spite of adverse consequences directly related to their etoh consumption is defined as __________________

A

abuse

Justin Lyle Cards (27 decks)

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