neuro 2

Question 1

Ion channel

Answer 1

special protein molecule located in the membrane of a cell; controls the entry/exit of particular ions

Question 2

Resting potential

Answer 2

membrane potential of a neuron when it is not producing an action potential

Question 3

Action potential

Answer 3

sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the cell membrane: from the soma to its terminal buttons, causes the release of a neurotransmitter

Question 4

Neurotransmitter

Answer 4

chemical released by terminal buttons that causes the postsynaptic neuron to be excited or inhibited

Question 5

Myelin sheath

Answer 5

insulating material that encases most axons
prevents depolarisation and speeds up propagation of AP

Question 6

Terminal button

Answer 6

the rounded spelling at the end of the axon, releases neurotransmitter

Question 7

Axon

Answer 7

long thin part of a neuron attached to the soma, divided into a few/many branches ending in terminal buttons

Question 8

Soma

Answer 8

cell body, largest part of neuron

Question 9

Dendrite

Answer 9

treelike part of neuron on which other neurons form synapses

Question 10

Neurons

Answer 10

neural cell that consists of a cell body with dendrites and an axon whose branches end in terminal buttons that synapse with muscle fibres, gland cells or other neurons

Question 11

Nerves

Answer 11

bundles of many thousands of individual fibres wrapped with tough membrane, transmit messages

Question 12

Wrinkled cortex

Answer 12

bulges (gyri) and grooves (fissures) - more complex brains require a larger cerebral cortex, these increase surface area

Question 13

Cerebral cortex

Answer 13

thin layer of tissue (grey matter) which contains billions of neural cells. Where perceptions take place, memories are stored, plans are formulated and executed.

These cells are connected to other parts of the brain through bundles of nerve fibres called white matter

Question 14

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 14

Capillaries in the brain do not have openings, unlike ones on the rest of the body, to protect the brain from chemical assault

Not perfect, toxic chemicals sometimes still make their way into the brain

Question 15

Protection of NS

Answer 15

Spinal cord runs through the middle of the spinal column - a stack of hollow bones called the vertebrae

Brain and spinal cord enclosed by a three-layered set of membranes known as the meninges

Brain and spinal cord doesn’t not touch skull/vertebrae: floats in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 16

Cerebrum

Answer 16

More recently evolved
Perception, memories and behaviours

Question 17

Cerebellum

Answer 17

Attached to back of brain stem
Control and coordinate movements; especially rapid, skilled movements (includes learned ones)

Question 18

Brain stem

Answer 18

Most primitive region of brain - controls physiological functions and automatic behaviours
Some animals, such as amphibians, only have a brain stem and a simple cerebellum

Question 19

3 major functions of the brain

Answer 19

1. Controlling behaviour
2. Processing and retaining the information we receive from the environment
3. Regulating the body’s physiological processes

Question 20

What does the brain control?

Answer 20

muscles, glands and internal organs

Question 21

How does info from the rest of the body get to the spinal cord and the brain?

Answer 21

spinal nerves

Question 22

How does info from head/neck region reach the brain?

Answer 22

cranial nerves

Question 23

Sensory neuron

Answer 23

detects changes in the external/internal environment and sends info about this to CNS

Question 24

Motor neuron

Answer 24

has terminal buttons that form synapses with muscle fibres.

an action potential that travels down its axon will cause the muscle to twitch

Question 25

Synapse

Answer 25

junction between the terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of a muscle fibre, gland or other neuron. neurons communicate using chemical transmission

Question 26

presynaptic neuron

Answer 26

neuron with terminal buttons that form synapses with and excite/inhibit another neuron

Question 27

postsynaptic neuron

Answer 27

is *excited* or *inhibited* by **another** neuron's **terminal buttons**

Question 28

Reuptake

Answer 28

molecules of the neurotransmitter that have been released in cleft are quickly taken up again so that it only has a short time to stimulate the postsynaptic receptors

Question 29

Glutamate

Answer 29

important excitatory neurotransmitter in brain and spinal cord

Question 30

GABA

Answer 30

important **inhibitory** neurotransmitter in brain

Question 31

Acetylcholine

Answer 31

**neurotransmitter**: responsible for **muscular contraction**, activates cerebral cortex, controls REM sleep, controls hippocampus

Question 32

Serotonin

Answer 32

regulation of mood, control of eating/sleep/arousal and regulation of pain, suppresses risky behaviours

Question 33

CNS

Answer 33

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

Question 34

PNS

Answer 34

Peripheral Nervous system - nerves, ANS, ENS

Question 35

ANS

Answer 35

autonomic NS - controls non-voluntary bodily functions (4Fs etc) uses acetylcholine and noradrenaline

Question 36

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 36

**Symp**athetic NS: for *action* **Para**sympathetic NS: for *rest* and *recuperation*

Question 37

ENS

Answer 37

1/2 billion neurons located in the wall of gastrointestinal tract interacts with *brain* via **symp**- and **para**- NS but can function on its **own** control **digestive activity**

Question 38

Meninges

Answer 38

flexible sheet made of 3 membranes between bone and nervous tissue 1. **Dura** mater: tough + thick 2. **Arachnoid** membrane: spongy, filled wth CSF and blood vessels, cushioning 3. **Pia** mater: thin membrane against brain

Question 39

Spinal cord

Answer 39

interface between **brain** and **PNS** * connected to sensory, motor, autonomic **nerves** * Controls some movement like **spinal reflexes**

Question 40

Thalamus

Answer 40

sensory relay to cortex - smell doesnt go through it

Question 41

Hypothalamus

Answer 41

hormonal regulation and motivational control

Question 42

Limbic system

Answer 42

control of **emotion** and **memory**

Question 43

Corpus Callosum

Answer 43

connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Question 44

Resting potential

Answer 44

when a neuron is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse inside is more negatively charged than the outside, maintained by sodium potassium pumps.

Question 45

Refractory period

Answer 45

the time after an action potential is generated, it cannot produce a new AP because all sodium channels are already opened/being opening at maximum speed

Question 46

Frontal lobe

Answer 46

**Planning** and **executive functions** (memory selection as well) Emotional expression Problem solving Language Judgement Sexual behaviours

Question 47

Parietal lobe

Answer 47

**Sensory** experiences are interpreted Proprioception Where things are in **space**, representing space for action

Question 48

Occipital lobe

Answer 48

Colour, Form, Motion

Question 49

Temporal lobe

Answer 49

Memory Encoding Processes auditory info Taste Recognise faces Language

Question 50

3 parts of frontal lobe

Answer 50

Prefrontal - higher cognitive functions and personality Motor Premotor -