Neuro

Question 0

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Answer 0

Visual and memory deficits

Occipital and part of temporal lobe ( bottom part of temporal)

Question 1

Occlusion anterior cerebral artery (aca)

Answer 1

Paresis and sensory loss in contralateral leg

medial region of the brain

Question 2

Occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Answer 2

Contralateral hemianesthesia and paralysis Of arm and lower part of face and loss of language is dominant hemi is involved

• blood to lateral hemi and motor cortex and language in dominant hemi.

Question 3

Fasciculus gracilis

Answer 3

Ipsi for form legs and lower trunk - fine touch proprioception and vibratory senses

Question 4

Fasciculus cuneatus

Answer 4

Starting at t 5 - ipsi infor form upper trunk arms and neck - fine touch proprioception and vibratory senses

Question 5

Stt ( spinothalamic tract)

Answer 5

Pain and temp info from the contralateral side of the body

Neurons in laminae I and V are at the origin of the STT ( contralateral)

Question 6

Propriospinal tract ( pst)

Answer 6

Present in all funiculi, adjacent to gray matter and contains fibers that connect different segmental levels of the gray matter

Question 7

Neurons in Clark’s nucleus

Answer 7

Carry unconscious proprioception from the legs and are at the origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Question 8

Ventral horn

Answer 8

VIII-IX - contain alpha and gamma motor neurons whose axons exit through the ventral root to form spinal nerves and supply skeletal musculature

Question 9

Dorsal root medial division vs lateral division

Answer 9

Medial division go to the dorsal column and lateral division for the the white matter. Lissauers tract is used by the lateral division to ascend or descend 1-3 spinal cord segments

Question 10

Muscle spindles - type 1a

Answer 10

Ia- ( primary or annulospiral) both nuclear bag ( dynamic and static) and chain ( static ) respond to both muscle length and rate of change of muscle length

Stretch response

Question 11

Muscle spindles type 2

Answer 11

II - ( secondary or flower spray) only static bag and chain fibers only respond to muscle length

Question 12

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 12

Btw muscles and tendons - monitor tension generated by muscle contraction. Innervated by : type IB afferent axons- reasoned to muscle tension

Question 13

Ruffini’s corpuscle

Answer 13

Skin stretching - A- beta fibers ( large myelinated and fast conducting) - slowly adapting respond thru out stimuli

Question 14

All cutaneous mechanoceptros

Answer 14

A- beta receptors - large myelinated fast conducting fibers

Enter through medial division of dorsal root, send collateral to dorsal column and into laminae III-VI

Rapidly adapting ( onset and offset of stimuli) pacinian, Meisner, hair 
Slowly adapting - ruffini and merkel

Question 15

Merkel disc

Answer 15

Detects pressure and texture - slow adapting

Question 16

Meissners corpuscle

Answer 16

Stroking fluttering -

Question 17

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 17

Vibrations

Question 18

Hair

Answer 18

Light stroking

Question 19

Cold and sharp pain and crude touch

Answer 19

A delta - lights myelinated - small and slow - laminae I and V to STT. Goes thru lateral division

Or III

Question 20

Warmth and dull pain

Answer 20

C delta ( non myelinated) slower than a delta

Or IV

Question 21

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 21

Cross in pyramidal decussation - originate in contralateral cerebral cortex. Most info is voluntary control of skeletal muscles and suppression of infantile reflexes

Cervical near the gray matter

Question 22

Lesion of LMN

Answer 22

Flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, fasciculation and muscle atrophy

Question 23

LCST

Answer 23

Controls the distal LMN

Question 24

Vcst

Answer 24

Control the axial or proximal LMN

Question 25

Upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 25

Paralysis , weakness , hyperreflexia, hypertonia, clonus, disuse atrophy, clasp knife, babinski

Question 26

Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 26

Controls sympathetic system - promote fight or flight response (lesion horners syndrome ( myosis, anhidrosis, ptosis) Controls thermoregulation - conservation of heat ( thermogenesis) via vasoconstriction and shivering ( lesion poikilothermia like a snake)

Question 27

Tuberomammillary nucleus of posterior hypothalamus

Answer 27

Controls wakefulness vis histaminergic neurons lesion HYPERSOMNIA

Question 28

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 28

Feeding center - promotes hunger and feeding. Lesion - anorexia Has neurons that secrete orexin: regulator of sleep/ wake states as well a feeding behavior and reward processes. INHIBITED by leptin Too little orexin = narcolepsy Administration of orexin results in stim of appetite

Question 29

Mammillary body

Answer 29

Memory consolidation Lesion: anterograde amnesia( b1 thiamine deficiency or lesion)

Question 30

Ventromedial nuc of hypothalamus

Answer 30

Satiety control STIMULATED by leptin Lesion : hyperplasia and obesity

Question 31

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 31

Increase DA and decreases prolactin Increases secretion of GH Controls feeding Lesion: Neuroendocrine and feeding dysfunction

Question 32

Dorsomedial nucl of hypothalamus

Answer 32

Control feeding, body weight Lesion: feeding, body weight dysfunction

Question 33

Anterior nucleus

Answer 33

Increase parasympathetic Increase rest and digest Increase thermolysis A/C- cooling off anterior Lesion : deficit in parasympathics and hyperthermia

Question 34

Suprachiasmatic nuc of hypothalamus

Answer 34

Controls circadian rhythms Lesion: disturbs cyclic bodily functions

Question 35

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 35

Increase ADH, water renention Increase oxytocin , milk letdown and uterine contractions Increase ACTH , tsh, decrease GH Lesion : diabetes insipidus and endocrine deficits

Question 36

Supraoptic nucleus hypothalamus

Answer 36

Increase adh , oxytocin Lesion : diabete insipidus

Question 37

Lateral preoptic nucleus hypothalamus

Answer 37

Promotes non rem sleep Lesion: hyposomnia

Question 38

Medial preoptic nucleus hypothalamus

Answer 38

Controls set point thermoregulation Increase LH and FSH Controls sexual behavior Lesion: hyperthermia, amenorrhea and impotence

Question 39

What two nucleus of hypothalamus project to the posterior pituitary

Answer 39

Supra optic (adh)and para ventricular ( oxytocin)

Question 40

Diseases with change in NE

Answer 40

Increase anxiety Decreased depression Made in locus ceruleus

Question 41

Diseases with change in dopamine

Answer 41

Increase schiz Decreased in Parkinson's and depression Ventral tegmentum and snc

Question 42

Diseases with change in 5-ht

Answer 42

Decreased in anxiety and depression Made in raphe nuc

Question 43

Diseases with change in Ach

Answer 43

Decreased in Alzheimer's and huntingtons Increase in rem sleep Made in basal nuc of Meynert

Question 44

Diseases with change in GABA

Answer 44

Decreased anxiety and huntingtons Made in nucleus accumbend from glutamate and you need vit b6