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Pathophysiology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

3 Fxns of Nervous System

A
  1. Detect: changes from stimuli in the internal and external environment
    - maintains homeostasus and flags when things change
  2. Evaluate: the level and type of stimuli
    - CNS evaluates info received
  3. Respond: by initiating changes in muscles or glands or not initiating change
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2
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS = brain and spinal corf

PNS = cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31), pathyways (afferent/sensory/to CNS, efferent/motor/away CNS)

SAID: sensory afferent in dorsally
MOVE: motor ventrally, efferent

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3
Q

cells of nervous system

A

Neuron: carrie electrical impulses

  • dendrites: receptor arms of the neuron
  • axon: delivery arm of the neuron

GLia (Glial Cells): support and facilitate neurons
- supportive cells to neurons

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4
Q

Neurons

A

Three Components:

  1. cell body/SOma
    - mainly in CNS
    - densely packed in CNS - Nuclei
    - densly packed in PNS - ganglia
  2. Dendrite:
    - receptive portion of neuron
  3. Axon:
    - carries nerve impulse away from the cell body
    - one per neuron
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5
Q

axon hillock

A
  • all or nothing response
  • “gatekeeper” - tells neurons to go or not go
  • action potential starts here
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6
Q

myelin

A
  • insulating layer of wrapped lipids
  • increase speed of conduction
  • schwam sites and oligodenrisites
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7
Q

neuron functions

A
  1. sensory: external and internal environment changes
    - receptors to CNS
    - afferent
  2. Associateional: CNS evaluation
    - interneurons
    - sensory to motor
  3. Motor
    - from CNS to efferent organ
    - efferent
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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells: 50% brain and spinal column volume: 5-10 times more numerous than neurons

  • glial cells, helper supporting cells
  • oligodendrocytes: CNS neurons only
  • Schwann Cells: peripheral nervous system. myelinate peripheral neurons
  • Ependymal Cells: gives brain all good blood, CNS only, cored plexus
  • Astrocytes: blood brain barrier
  • microglia: macrophages of the CNS
  • only immune cell that interacts with nervous system
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9
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • selectivity for brain exposure to blood
  • tight web of astrocytes around the brain capillaries that form the BBB
  • Tight junctions
  • selectivity
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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

create myelin sheath around neurons

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11
Q

Action Potential

A
  • sodium and potassium pups don’t need ATP to work = facilitated
  • the sodium/potassium pump needs ATP
  • cell = Na+ outside and K+ inside
  • Resting membrane potential = positive outside and negative inside = at rest = negative overall
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12
Q

Action potential steps

A
  1. resting membrane potential = -70 (overall negative)
  2. Threshold = reach stimulus, Na+ pumps open (~-50ish)
  3. depolarization = lots of Na+ comes in cell and inside of cell becomes positive and outside becomes negative (overall positive)
  4. repolarization: K+ leaves cell via K+ pump
  5. hyperpolarization: too much k+ leaves, drops below -70 and cell reaches
    6 refractory period (cannot start another impulse)
  6. Back to positive outside and negative inside via the sodium/potassium pump
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13
Q

propigation

A

an impusle can only move forward, not back

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14
Q

myelination

A

makes action potentials a lot quicker

  • saltatory conduction
  • hops between nodes of rondier
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15
Q

resting electric potential

A
  • more K+ inside cell
  • more NA+ outside cell
  • more Ca2+ outside cell
    = overall negative inside, positive outside
  • calcium important in cardiac muscle cells and drives initial depolarization event
  • low Ca+ levels decreases heart rate, weak heart rate = anorexic people
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16
Q

action potential of NERVE cell

A
  • resting phase (-60 to -70)
  • threshold (-45 to -55)
  • rising phase = depolarization ( facilitated transport of Na+ in)
  • falling phase = depolarization (facilitated transport of K+ out)
  • refractory period = hyper polarization (na/K ATPase)
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17
Q

ion pumps

A
  • active transport pumps to set the cells back up to “resting potential”
    1. na/k atpase (3na OUT, 2 k in)
    2. Ca ATPase (ca OUT)
    3. Na/Ca exchanger (3na in, 1 ca out)
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18
Q

synapses

A
  • neurons are not physically continuous with each other
  • region between adjacent neurons = synapse
  • impulses are transmitted across the synapse by neurotransmitters
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19
Q

synaptic cleft

A

= electrochemical regulation of neurotransmitter release
1. electricity - change in charge of nerve
2. open or closed gate
3. release of messenger
4. messenger received
5. new message delivered
“chemical intersection”

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20
Q

synaptic bouton

A
  • vesicles containing neurotransmitters
  • more than 30 different neurotransmitter substances
  • excitatory
  • inhibatory
  • the receptor on the 2nd cells tells it to excite or inhibit, NOT neurotransmitters
  • ca = neurotransmitter release signal
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21
Q

neuomuscular junction

A

motor unit = neuron and all the units it acts on - neuron and skeletal muscle = acetocholine (binds to neuro receptor)

  • junction = neuron axon and plasma membrane of muscle
  • small things like writing and surgery = minor units of neurons/muscles
  • big things like lifting = big motor units
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22
Q

Meninges

A

protective membrane structures surround the brain and spinal cord

  1. dura matter - outer covering, tough. subdural space = veins
  2. arachnoid matter - CSF in subarachnoid space
  3. pia matter = attached to the brained, cellophaned on, cannot be removed
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23
Q

CSF, cerebral spinal fluid

A

CSF = clearn, colorless similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid

  • 125-150 ml in body
  • produced by choroid plexus (ependymal cells) within the ventricles (lateral, 3rd, 4th)
  • reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi
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24
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

open space in middle of brain filled with CSF

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25
Q

giri

A

bumps of brain

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26
Q

grooves

A

sulci, fissure (bigger sulk)

27
Q

central fissue

A

separates sensory in front and motor in back of brain

28
Q

corpus collosum

A

separates right and left sides of brain

29
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

30
Q

thalamus

A

sensor info passes through the thalamus and prioritizes info and sends to proper areas of brain

31
Q

frontal lobe

A

memory and movement

32
Q

parietal lobe

A

language and reading

33
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

34
Q

brain stem

A

blood pressure, breathing, consciousness, heartbeat, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

35
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, speech

36
Q

cranial nerevs

A
  • OOO to touch and feel virgin girls’ vaginas and humans
  • some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
olfactory i
optic ii
oculomotor iii
trochlear iV
trigeminal V
abducens VI
facial VII
vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
vagus X
accessory XI
hypoglossal XII
37
Q

cranial nerve i

A

Olfactory

  • sensory
  • smell
38
Q

cranial nerve ii

A

optic

  • sensory
  • vision
39
Q

cranial nerve iii

A

oculomotor

  • motor
  • move muscles of eye
40
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

  • motor
  • move muscles of eye = superior oblique muscle
41
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

  • sensory and motor
  • sensory of face
  • motor or chewing, mastication
42
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

  • motor
  • move muscles of eye = external rectus
43
Q

cranial nerve Vii

A

facial

  • sensory and motor
  • taste sensory (anterior 2/3s tongue)
  • facial motor = facial expression
44
Q

cranial nerve Viii

A

vestibulochoclear

  • sensory
  • ear, hearing, balance, equilibrium
45
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharengeal

  • sensory and motor
  • last 1/3 of tongue sensory
  • motor swallowing (deglutition)
46
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus

  • sensory and motor
  • “wanderer”
  • visceral organs both sensory and motor
  • parastalsis, secretion, pressure, pain
  • autonomic
47
Q

cranial nerve Xi

A

accessory

  • motor
  • shrug musscles (traps, levator scapuli)
48
Q

cranial nerve xii

A

hypoglossal

  • motor
  • command of tongue and muscles underneath
49
Q

cranial nerves for the eye

A
  • optic II - sensory vision
  • oculomotor iii - motor control superior, medial, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, pupil constriction
  • trochlear iv - motor control superior oblique
  • abducens vi - motor control lateral rectus
50
Q

spinal cord

A
  • spinal nerves = both sensory and motor
    grey vs white matter:
  • grey inside
  • white outside: info highway, up and down and left and right. impulses carrying info
51
Q

reflex

A
  1. receptor - temp, pain, presure
  2. afferent sensory neurons (behind) - carry to spinal cord
  3. interneuron in spinal cord
  4. efferent motor neuron (front) - carry away to affected object
  5. effector - muscle gland where the motor neuron lands
    * dorsal root ganglion = sensory
    * motor neuron cell body is in spinal cord and is interneuron - the axon travels ALL the way to the affected muscle
52
Q

vertebrae

A
  • 7 cervicle
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 4-5 sacrum
  • 3-4 coccyx
53
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 8 cerv nerves
  • 12 thoracic nerves
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccyx
    total = 31
  • dorsal root –> localized/specific cord level afferent sensation (dermatomes
  • ventral root –> localized/specific cord level efferent motor control (myotomes)
    MYOtomes: relationship b/n spinal nerve and muscle (motor)
    DERAtomes: relationship b/n spinal nerve and skin (sensory)
54
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS = two components, brain and spinal cord

PNS = all the rest!

  1. autonomic - involuntary heart beat
  2. somatic - voluntary skeletal muscle
  3. sensory nerves
55
Q

PNS Autonomic Nervous system

A

part of PNS

  • involuntary control of nerves
    1. sympathetic NS - fight or flight
    2. Parasympathetic NS - rest and digest
  • controls everything we take for granted
56
Q

PNS autonomic nervous system - sympathetic

A

fight or flight
chain of sympathetic ganglia (cell to cell communication)
- accelerates heart rate
- constricts blood vessels to smooth muscle (away from digestion and to skeletal muscles)
- dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscles
- decreases GI movement
- dilation of pupil - see more mydriasis
- effects glands: increase epinephrine, sweat secretion, decrease digestive secretion

57
Q

PNS autonomic nervous system - parasympathetic

A

rest and digest, homeostasis

  • slows heart beat
  • no effect on blood vessels to smooth muscle
  • no effect on blood vessels to skeletal muscle
  • increase peristalsis
  • contract pupils Miosis
  • effects on glands: no effect on adrenal or sweat glands, but increase secretion of digestive enzymes
58
Q

PNS differences b/n SNS and PNS

A

SNS (QUICK)

  • fight or flight
  • short preganglionic fibers
  • cholinergeic (ACH releases)
  • long post ganglionic fibers
  • adrenergic (norepinephrine signal)

PNS (not so quick)

  • rest and digest
  • long periganglionic fibers
  • cholinergic (ACH)
  • short post ganglionic fibers
  • cholinergic (ACH)
59
Q

somatic vs autonomic

A 
somatic = one long axon
autonomic = lots of axons in a row. pre ganglia and post ganglia
60
Q

PNS somatic nervous system

A
  • voluntary control of motor nerves
    ACH release
  • musculoskeletal control
61
Q

nerve injury and regeneration

A

only myleniated axons
- only PNS, schwann cells
CNS minited by increase in scar formation and different type of melin (oligodendrytes)
- repair depents on location, type of injury (crush or cut), inflammatory response and scan tissue formation

62
Q

The senses

A
  • Eye - photoregeptor - vision
  • Ear - mechanoreceptor - hearing
  • Inner Ear - mechanoreceptor - balance
  • nose - chemoreceptor - smell
  • taste buds - chemoreceptor - taste
  • peripheral NS - nocireceptors - pain
  • hypothalamu - osmoreeptor - thirst
  • muscle/tendons - proprioreceptors - proprioception
63
Q

vision

A

rods = black and white, calrity and precision
cones = color
RETINA
more rods that cones in humans

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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