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VetMed Year 4- Term 1 > Neuro - 3 > Flashcards

Neuro - 3 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Signalment of Discospondalitis

A

Discospondalitis is concurrent intervertebral disk infection + vertebral osteomyelitis.
Large/Giant breeds (GSD/ Great Dane)

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2
Q

Pathogenesis of Discospondalitis

A 
Can affect anywhere in vertebral column. Caused by wounds, epidural injections, abscess' pyothorax.
Also bacteria (pseudomonoas, bordetella, staph) and Fungi (aspergilliosis)
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3
Q

Clinical signs of Discospondalitis

A

Fever, anorexia, lameness, back pain, variable neurological deficits.
Diagnosis: Bloods= leucocytosis
CSF= Neutrophillic pleocytosis

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4
Q

Treatment of Discospondalitis

A

Longterm (2-3 month) amox/clav or enrofloxacin and use of NSAIDs (carprofen/ metacam)
If pain +++ bupronorphine

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5
Q

Main Ddx for Discospondalitis if neurological deficits ARE NOT PRESENT

A

Discospondalitis = neurological feficits.

If no neurological deficits suspect polyarthritis or polymyositis

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6
Q

How to distinguish polyarthritis from polymyositis

A

Polymyositis: Serum CK levels. Electrophysiology. Muscle biopsy (MUSCLE PAIN)
Polyarthritis: Join tap = JOINT PAIN

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7
Q

Normal signlament for Wobbler syndrome in dogs

A

AKA Cervical stenotic myelopathy.

Doberman Pinshers and Great Danes

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8
Q

Normal age of onset for Calcinosis circumscripta

A

Spinal cord compression in several breeds of dogs inc Burnease mountain dogs.
Less than a year old.
Cause unknown
Usually localised dorsally at atlantoaxial articulation
DON’T CONFUSE WITH CALCINOSIS CUTIS = HYPERADRENOCORTICISM IN DERM STRAND!

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9
Q

Cats fed raw liver diet would be predisposed to what

A

Hypervitaminosis A. Leads to hypertrophic bone formation on the vertebrae, leading to spondylosis Spondylosis is a term referring to degenerative osteoarthritis

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10
Q

How does the signalment and treatment of infectious meningitis and steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis?

A

Infectious meningitis: TREAT WITH ANTIBIOTICS

Steroid responsive meningitis (aka Juvenile polyarthritis): 8-18 months = Beagles, Boxers TREAT WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESIVES

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11
Q

Most common causative agent of Discospondalitis?

A

Staphylococcus intermedius.

GSD bitches appear predisposed to aspergillosis.

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12
Q

Why are tetraplegic animals at risk of respiratory failure?

A

Due to paresis of intercostal muscles and diaphragm or failure of respiratory drive due to brain stem.
Atelectasis/aspiratory pneumonia

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13
Q

Muscle cramping / pain that occurs during or following exercise in the horse is known as

A

Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome
Monday morning disease/
Rhabdymyolysis = lysis of muscle fibres

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14
Q

Main Ddx of Equine Rhabdomyolysis

A 
Lameness,
Aortoiliac thrombosis (rare- association with migrating strongyles, use of anthelmintics)
Laminitis
Pleuritis
Tetanus
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15
Q

Diagnosis of Equie rhabdomyolysis syndrome

A 
Stiff movements, pain, sweating, tachy, 
Myoglobinuria,
Plasia CK/AST activities
CK peak- 6 hrs
AST peak - 24 hrs
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16
Q

Horse urine that looks like coke aka dark, could be sign of

A

Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome causes myoglobinuria= dark urine
CK peak - 6 hrs
AST peak - 24 hrs

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17
Q

Treatment of Acute Excertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Analgesics (NSAIDs, opiods), IV or oral fluids,

Diuretics to maintain urine output in attemps to minimise/ prevent the nephrotoxic effects of myoglobin

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18
Q

Best test for Equine Rhabdomylitis syndrome 16 hrs post exercise is

A

AST peak at 24 hrs

CK peaks at 6 hrs

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19
Q

Exercise test for Exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in horse

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Take CK measurement
2) 20 minutes of lunge exercise, trot and canter
3) Take 6 hr CK measurement
>100% rise is significant

20
Q

Aetiology of Exertional Rhabdomyolytis

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Aquired: Overextention due to eccentric contraction or oxidative injury
  2. Inherited: Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis due to defective calcium regulation
21
Q

How does Overextention lead to exertional rhabdomyolytis

Study These Flashcards
A 
Eccentric contraction (contraction due to muscle lengthening) e.g. downhill running and jumping. 
Oxidative injury - free radical induced damage.
22
Q

Hormonal influence as cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Females > Males.

No correlation between stage of oestrous cycle and plasma CK.

23
Q

Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is more likely down to

Study These Flashcards
A

A defect in calcium regulation that has been studies in detail in a small group of related Throughbreds in USA.
Most common in young nervous fillies.

24
Q

Prevention of RER

a) drugs
b) Diet changes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Oral dantrolene - a calcium release calcium blocker.
High fat/ low carbohydrate diet
Regular exercise/ turn out.

25
Polysacchairde storage myopathy signalment
Affects quarter horse / warmbloods/ draft horses Heritable (autosomal dominant) Causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.
26
Polysaccharide storage myopathy pathogenesis
Abnormality of glucose metabolism. Mutation in glycogen synthase gene in skeletal muscle (normally responsible for the formation of the 1-4 links between glucose monomers to make glycogen)
27
DNA test for PSSM1
Submit blood in EDTA or hair plucks. Autosomal recessive Causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.
28
Treatment and Management of PSSM1
As with RER, high fat, low carbohydrate diet. | Regular daily exercise.
29
Cause of the Exhausted horse
Glycogen depletion from muscles. Electrolte loss from sweat Hypovolemia
30
Clinical signs of Exhausted Horse
Depressiom, dehydration, increased HR/RR, Pyrexia, Poor sweating response, Poor jugular dystention. Syncronus diaphragmatic flutter (diaphragm contracts in time with heart beat) . Ddx: Check for rhabdomyolysis (CK/AST)
31
Signalment of Coccygeal muscle injury
'Limber tail' and 'Rudder tail' Working breeds- Labradors/pointers Pain at tail base. Mild elevation in CK. Recovery over several days. REST + NSAIDs Cold, exercise, swimming seem to predisposed.
32
presentation of fibrotic myopathy in horse
Common in quarter horse. Usually semitendinonus (can be semimembranosis/ gracilis) Cause: myscle tear, IM injection, Neuropathy 'Slapping foot against floor.
33
Treatment of Fibrotic myopathy.
Rest. NSAIDs, surgical resection of fibrous tissue or tenotomy.
34
Cause of Atypical myopathy
Acute onset in horses at pasture./ CK and AST massively increased. Muscle biopsy diagnosis. Box elder tree and SYCAMORE.
35
Pathogenesis of Atypical myopathy
Horses at pasture. Ingestion of box elder/ sycamore. Inhibition of acyl-CoA dehydration. Can also cause ventricular tachy due to effect on cardiac muscle
36
Treatment of Atypical myopathy
Riboflavin (vit B2 supplementation) Carnitine supplementation Support carbohydrate met (insulin?/glucose)
37
Why would Atypical myopathy be seen in predominantly spring or autumn
Horses at pasture. Spring: seeds on floor Autumn: seedlings grow Inhibition of acyl-CoA
38
Raised AST in horse- 2 origins
1. Liver | 2. Muscle (hence increase in atypical myopathy/ rhabdomyolysis)
39
Bladder alpha receptors are located | When is it stimulated?
SYMPATHETIC Bladder neck, stimulated during storage phase to keep bladder neck closed. BLOCKED during emptying phase (parasym) to relax (this is how Phenoybenzamine works)
40
Bladder beta receptors | When is it stimulated?
SYMPATHETIC Bladder Body (BB) aka Detrusor Stimulated during storage to relax muscle. Blocked during emptying phase to contract!
41
Diazepam use for bladder
Blocks striated urethral muscle to AID EMPTYING of bladder. | Phenoybenzamine facilitates emptying by blocking sympathetic alpha receptors.
42
Phenylpropanolamine
Alpha agonist to increase internal sphincter tone. | FACILITATES STORAGE aka SYMPATHETIC dom.
43
UMN bladder
Increased sphincter tone. difficult to express. Solution: Diazepam+ Prazosin. CONTRAINDICATED: Cystocentesis is bladder +++ full
44
Exercise changes for Rhabdomyolysis
AVOID REST DAYS aka encourage exercise. Care when high levels of NSC in grass (e.g. when plant is photosynthesising) Also low carbohydrate/starch and high fat diet is recommended
45
Pathway for palpebral reflex
SUBCORTICAL V--> Brainstem --> VII Also corneal reflex is subcortical (same pathway as above)
46
Menace response pathway
FCB! | II--> FOREBRAIN --> CEREBELLUM --> BRAINSTEM --> VII

VetMed Year 4- Term 1 (12 decks)

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