Neuro

Question 1

Where does the DCML tract decussate?

Answer 1

Medulla

Question 2

Which tract carries crude touch and pressure?

Answer 2

Anterior spinothalamic

Question 3

Which tract carries pain and temp?

Answer 3

Lateral spinothalamic

Question 4

Where do the spinothalamic tracts cross?

Answer 4

Spinal cord (climb 1/2 levels first)

Question 5

What are the pyramidal tracts?

Answer 5

• originate in the cerebral cortex

- voluntary control

Question 6

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 6

• originate in the brain stem

- involuntary control

Question 7

Where does the corticospinal tract receive inputs from?

Answer 7

• primary motor cortex
• pre motor cortex
• supplementary motor area
• somatosensory area(ascending tract)

Question 8

Which tract carries fine touch, vibration and proprioception?

Answer 8

DCML

Question 9

Where do the corticospinal tracts terminate?

Answer 9

Ventral horn

Question 10

What are the myelin forming cells called in the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 10

Oligodendrocytes

Question 11

What are the myelin forming cells called in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 11

Schwann cells

Question 12

What is the neurotransmitter for UMN?

Answer 12

Glutamate

Question 13

Where are LMN located?

Answer 13

• Ventral horn and anterior nerve roots

- Cranial nerve nuclei of brainstem

Question 14

What type of neurones innervate extrafusal muscle fibres?

Answer 14

Alpha motor neurones

Question 15

What type of neurones innervate intrafusal muscle fibres?

Answer 15

Gamma neurones

Question 16

What do LMN use at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 16

ACH

Question 17

Which lobe is Broca’s area in?

Answer 17

frontal

Question 18

Which lobe is Wernicke’s area in?

Answer 18

Temporal

Question 19

What separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

Answer 19

Transverse fissure and tentorium cerebelli

Question 20

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 20

• voluntary motor movement
• balance
• muscle tone

Question 21

What is the cerebellum lined with above and below?

Answer 21

Non nervous tissue called medullary velum

Question 22

How does the cerebellum communicate with the subarachnoid space?

Answer 22

• median aperture

- 2 lateral apertures

Question 23

How many layers does the cortex have? What are they?

Answer 23

3 layers 
1) molecular-synapse with purkinje fibres 
2) purkinje 
3) granule 
(White matter beneath these 3 layers)

Question 24

How many inputs does the cerebellum have?

Answer 24

2

• mossy fibres (middle peduncle)
• climbing fibres (inferior peduncle)

Question 25

How many outputs does the cerebellum have?

Answer 25

1 | -purkinje cell axons

Question 26

Name 3 functions of CSF

Answer 26

Protection Buoyancy Chemical stability

Question 27

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 27

Ependymal cells in the Choroid plexus

Question 28

What is the ventricular system derived from?

Answer 28

Lumen of the neural tube

Question 29

How are the lateral ventricles connected to the third ventricle?

Answer 29

Foremen of Monro

Question 30

How does CSF flow to the 4th ventricle?

Answer 30

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 31

How does the 4th ventricle communicate with the subarachnoid space?

Answer 31

Foramen of Magende and Foramina of Luschka

Question 32

What are the functions of the blood brain barrier?

Answer 32

1) maintain constant intracerebral chemical environment 2) control entry of cells and molecules 3) protect against osmotic change

Question 33

Brown sequard syndrome

Answer 33

- ipsilateral loss of touch and proprioception(same level) - ipsilateral pyramidal weakness - contra lateral loss of pain and temp (few segments below the lesion)

Question 34

What forms the straight sinus?

Answer 34

Inferior Sagittal sinus + great cerebral vein

Question 35

Where does the superior cerebral vein drain into?

Answer 35

Superior Sagittal sinus

Question 36

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus receive blood from?

Answer 36

Cerebral veins from the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 37

Where does the transverse lie? And drain into?

Answer 37

- lies in the posterior fixed margin of the tentorium | - drains into sigmoid sinus then internaljugular vein

Question 38

What is pain?

Answer 38

An unpleasant and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 39

Where are nociceptors?

Answer 39

The cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion or trigeminal ganglion

Question 40

What are the neurotransmitters of nociceptors?

Answer 40

Glutamate and substance p

Question 41

How does substance p work?

Answer 41

-binds to neurokinin-1 receptors

Question 42

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 42

Pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or a disease of the somato-sensory system

Question 43

Where does the periaqueductal grey receive input from?

Answer 43

Cortical and subcortical areas

Question 44

Why is substantia nigra black?

Answer 44

Dopaminergic cell bodies are located here