Neuro

Question 1

vesicular transport is used for macromolecules that are too large to fit through channel or carrier

Answer 1

ya

Question 2

ATP is required to move the cytoskeleton during phagocytosis as well as to move the phagosome into the cytoplasm

Answer 2

ya

Question 3

how does endocytosis differ from phagocytosis?

Answer 3

the membrane indents instead the the cytoskeleton pushing outwards; also vesicles are much smaller in endocytosis that phago

Question 4

endocytosis still requires ATP

Answer 4

ya

Question 5

what are the two types of endocytosis?

Answer 5

non-selective–pinocytosis (ECF is move into the ICF); selective: receptor-mediated transport

Question 6

what is the equilibrium potential?

Answer 6

the membrane potential that exactly opposes the concentration gradient of any ion

Question 7

where is visceral sensory info integrated?

Answer 7

in the brainstem and spinal cord

Question 8

where are special sense integrated?

Answer 8

at their respective cortical regions

Question 9

where are somatic senses integrated?

Answer 9

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 10

most special senses go through thalamus, and are then sent to their respective cortical regions–except olfactory sense, which is sent straight to the olfactory cortex

Answer 10

ya

Question 11

what are the four properties the CNS distinguishes from each signal?

Answer 11

modality; location; duration; intensity

Question 12

what is modality?

Answer 12

the type of stimuli–touch vs temp–>will go to a different area in the brain

Question 13

what is an electrical synapse?

Answer 13

a synapse where positive ions flow through ion channels (gap junctions) –>no synaptic cleft

Question 14

what are the glial cells found in the CNS?

Answer 14

ependymal cells; astrocytes; microglia (modified immune cells); oligodendrocytes

Question 15

what are the glial cells found in the PNS?

Answer 15

schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 16

what is thought to be the cause of MS?

Answer 16

demyelination (immune cells attack it) or inability of myelin-producing cells (oligodendrocytes in the CNS or schwann cells in the PNS) to myeline nerve fibre/axons

Question 17

function of satellite cells

Answer 17

exist in ganglia in the PNS; support neurons, provide protection and support

Question 18

what are the functions of astrocytes?

Answer 18

–take up and release chems at synapses; provide neurons with substrates for ATP productions; help maintain homeostasis in the ECF (take up K and H2O); surround vessel (part of the BBB & influence vascular dynamics)

Question 19

what is conductance?

Answer 19

the ease with which ions flow through a channel–high conductance=lots of ions passing through

Question 20

general info about voltage gated

Answer 20

selective–allow 1 ion to pass through`

Question 21

where are mechanically-gated ion channels found?

Answer 21

sensory neurons; allow both Ca and Na to pass through

Question 22

chem gated ion channels

Answer 22

allow K, Na, and Ca to pass through

Question 23

what are the types of mutations that can lead to channelopathies?

Answer 23

mutations causing channel to be impermeable to ion even if it’s open; mutation causing altered channel activation; mutation in inactivation processes

Question 24

movement of AP along axon is referred to as conduction of AP

Answer 24

ya

Question 25

describe an action potential

Answer 25

a wave of depol reaches the axon hillock, causing voltage-gated Na and K channels to open; Na rushes into the cell, causing the membrane to depol to +30 mV, where the channels inactivate; K channels are slowly opening and allowing K to rush out of the cell; past -70 mV, the channels begin to close but K still leaves, causing membrane to hyperpol. The channels fully close and leak channels allow to K to come back in, restoring membrane potential to -70mV

Question 26

ions involved in a graded potential vs AP

Answer 26

Na, K, Ca, Cl vs Na an K

Question 27

how does the Na inactivation gate stop positive feedback cycle?

Answer 27

depol past -55mV causing Na channels to open, allows Na to rush in, creating more depol, which would allow more to open/stay open--> inactivation gate closes the channels to prevent Na from coming in and causing further depol

Question 28

what is hyperkalemia?

Answer 28

excess K in the plasma; less K will leave through leak channels-->makes membrane more positive-->will be more excitable

Question 29

What is hypokalemia?

Answer 29

less K in plasma-->more K will leave the cell, making RPM more negative--> harder to initiate an action potential

Question 30

where are electrical synapses located?

Answer 30

in some CNS neurons, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Question 31

where are chem synapses located?

Answer 31

in the majority of neurons in the NS

Question 32

what is a neurocrine?

Answer 32

a chem substance released from neurons to be used in the cell-cell communication; neurohormone, neurotransmitter, neuromodulator

Question 33

what is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 33

a chemical that is released by the presyn cell and acts on the post syn cell (inclose vicinity) causing a FAST response in the post syn cell

Question 34

what is a neuromodulator?

Answer 34

similar to neurotrans but causes a SLOW response in the post syn cell

Question 35

what is a neurohormone?

Answer 35

a chemical released into the blood and act on targets in the body

Question 36

a neuromod in one cell can act as a neurotrans in another, depending on the receptors present

Answer 36

ya

Question 37

describe the two types of neurocrine receptors

Answer 37

ionotropic receptors--ligand/chem gated ion channels; ligand binds, causes conformational change, allows either 1 cation or multiple types of cations through; mediate fast postsyn responses metabotropic receptors: GPCR; ligand binds to metabotropic receptor which leads to a GPCR response; -->can interact directly with ion channels or activate membrane bound enzymes; involved in slovwer postsyn response

Question 38

where are large peptide neurotrans synthesized?

Answer 38

in the soma, transported via fast axonal transport to the axon terminal

Question 39

where are small neurotransmitters synthesized?

Answer 39

right at the axon terminal and packaged there too, from vesicles from soma or recycle vesicles (enzymes for synthesis brought to terminal by slow axonal transport)

Question 40

subthreshold graded potentials can generated APs by summating either spatially or temporally

Answer 40

ya

Question 41

what is an axo-axonic synapse?

Answer 41

a synapse wehre the presyn cell synapses on the axon instead of the dendrite of the post-syn cell

Question 42

desribe presynaptic inhibition and facilitation

Answer 42

presyn inhib: prevents as many neurontrans from being released; facil: allows more neurotrans to be released

Question 43

what does the size of receptive field depend on?

Answer 43

number of primary receptors and the convergence of the primary receptors onto secondary receptors

Question 44

location of stimulus--coded based on what receptive fields are being stim; most sensory stimuli for specific regions of the body are projected to specific areas in the somatic sensory cortex--except for sound; localized based on which ear's mechanoreceptor/hair cells are stimulated first

Answer 44

ya

Question 45

what is lateral inhibition?

Answer 45

when large APs inhibit other, less-stimualted secondary receptors via axo-axonic inhibition--helps brain in pinpointing location of stim

Question 46

tonic response

Answer 46

continues to generate APs as long as the stim is applied--slowly adapting

Question 47

phasic response

Answer 47

quickly adapt and do not generate APs for the length of the stim

Question 48

the hypothal, medulla, and pons, initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioural responses

Answer 48

ya

Question 49

autonomic system works closely with endocrine and behavioural systems to maintain homeostasis

Answer 49

ya

Question 50

what is the sympathetic system?

Answer 50

fight-or-flight

Question 51

what is the parasympathetic system?

Answer 51

rest or digest

Question 52

self-contained neurons in the autonom ganglia can act as mini integrating centres

Answer 52

ya

Question 53

where are the sympathetic autonom ganglia found?

Answer 53

in two chains running alongside the vertebral column

Question 54

where do sym preganglionic neurons originate?

Answer 54

in the thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 55

symp pre and postganglionic neurons

Answer 55

short pre, long post

Question 56

parasymp ganglia

Answer 56

originate in brainstem and exit via cranial nerves or from sacral region of spine; long pre, short post; vagus nerve (cranial nerve x) contains 75% of all vagus nerves

Question 57

what is the the synapse between an autonomic neuron and tissue?

Answer 57

neuroeffector junction

Question 58

what do autonomic pathways target?

Answer 58

smooth and cardiac muscle, many exocrine glands, a few endocrine glands, lymphoid tissue, and some adipose tissue

Question 59

autonomic ganglia swell near target tissue-->create varicosities-->neurotrans leave, diffuse to receptors

Answer 59

ya

Question 60

acetylcholine and NE can be synthesized in the varicosities

Answer 60

ya

Question 61

NE diffuses out of syn cleft or is taken back up into the varicosity; Ach is broken down to Acetate + choline and choline is taken up while acetate diffuses into postsyn cell

Answer 61

ya