Neuro Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
What structures make up the CNS?
A
Brain
Spinal Cord
2
Q
What makes up the PNS?
A
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
3
Q
Name the 2 Peripheral Nerve Pathways.
A
- Afferent (ascending; Sensory)
2. Efferent (Descending; Motor)
4
Q
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
A
Regulates Voluntary MOTOR control
5
Q
What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?
A
Regulates internal environment through Involuntary (Automatic) control via
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
6
Q
What is the Function of the Neuron?
A
Communication
7
Q
What are Neurons?
A
Specialized cells used for Communication
8
Q
What feature is unique to Neurons?
A
They utilize Glucose (but do not require Insulin for uptake) for fuel.
9
Q
Name the 3 components of a Neuron
A
- Cell body (Soma)
- Dendrites
- Axons
10
Q
Where is the Soma (cell body) located?
A
CNS
11
Q
What do Dendrites do?
A
Carry nerve impulses “Rite” toward the cell body
12
Q
What do Axons do?
A
Carry nerve impulses Away from the cell body
13
Q
Axons are covered by?
A
Myelin Sheath-protective layer
14
Q
What does the Myelin Sheath do?
A
Speeds conduction of nerve impulses
15
Q
What are Synapses?
A
Spaces between Neurons where they convey signals
16
Q
What causes impulses to transmit across Synapses?
A
Chemical conduction by NT’s
Electrical conduction by Change in Membrane Potential
17
Q
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
A
The little link between the “sausages” (bundled Axons)
18
Q
What does binding of NT’s a the Synapse do?
A
Changes Membrane Potential
19
Q
What 2 responses are caused by Changes in Cell Membrane Potential due to NT’s?
A
- Excitatory Response (excitatory post-synaptic potential)
2. Inhibitory Response (inhibitory post-synaptic potiential)
20
Q
What does Summation mean?
A
The Effect of the NT depends on the # and frequency of potentials
(many NT’s collect and effect the neuron)
21
Q
Name the 3 areas of the Brain
A
Cerebrum (Forebrain)
Brainstem (Midbrain)
Cerbellum (Hindbrain)
22
Q
What structures is the Cerebrum (Forebrain) made up of?
A
R/L Hemispheres
Telencephalon (Cerebral Cortex)
Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
23
Q
Is there functional crossover between areas of the brain?
A
Yes.
24
Q
What is CNS Plasticity?
A
It is the brain’s ability to adapt.
AKA “fluidity”
25
What Lobes of the brain make up the Telencephalon (cerebral cortex) of the Cerbrum?
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
26
What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe of the Telencephalon?
Goal-directed Behavior
Memory, Thought
Broca's Motor Fxn of Speech
27
What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe of the Telencephalon?
Sensory Input
| AKA "Pre-motor" Lobe
28
What are the functions of the Occipital Lobe of the Telencephalon?
Visual Cortex
29
What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe of the Telencephalon?
Wernicke's Interpretation Fxn of Speech
30
What area of the brain is effected if someone has trouble saying words?
Broca's Area of the Frontal Lobe of the Telencephalon
31
What area of the brain is effected if someone can not understand/receive words?
Wernicke's Area of the Temporal Lobe of the Telencephalon
32
What structures make up the Diencephalon of the Cerebrum (Forebrain)?
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
33
What does the Epithalamus secrete?
| What is it's function?
The Pineal body secretes Melatonin
Regulate Sleep cycle
*the Epithalamus also connects to the Limbic system-Emotion
34
What does the Thalamus do?
Relays signals to the Cortex (Telencephalon)
(Connects aspects of Afferent (ascending) impulses)
Involved in Taste, Sound
35
What does the Hypothalamus do?
Maintains internal environment
| Involved in Endocrine Fxn and Pituitary control
36
What is the Subthalamus part of?
| What does it do?
It is part of the Basal Ganglia
| It is important for Extra-pyramidal movements
37
What is the Limbic System involved in?
```
Primitive Behavioral Responses:
Emotion
Eating
Biologic Rhythms
Sense of Smell
```
38
Is the Limbic System 1 area of the brain?
No, many areas.
39
Can the Cerberal Cortex (Telecephalon) inhibit the Limbic System (Diencephalon)?
Yes
40
The Brain stem (Midbrain) contains the ____ and ________ ___________.
Pons
| Medulla Oblangata
41
What is the the fxn of the Midbrain?
Extraoccular Movement
| Motor activities A/W hearing
42
What does the Pons do?
What CN's innverate it?
Controls Respirations
CN 5-7
43
What does the Medulla Oblangata do?
What CN's inntervate it?
Controls Reflex activities:
HR, RR, B/P, Cough, Sneeze, Swallow, Vomit
CN 9-12
44
Can a person be "brain dead", be an organ donor and still be breathing?
Yes, because they have brainstem activity
45
The Cerebellum (Hindbrain) is responsible for....
Conscious and Unconscious muscle synergy for balance and posture
(smoothness of movement/coordination)
46
What structure connects the CNS to the PNS?
Spinal Cord
47
What signals/reflexes does the Spinal Cord conduct?
Somatic and Autonomic
48
The Spinal Cord provides _______ pattern _______ centers
Motor
| Control
49
The Gray matter mostly _______ signals
Receives
50
The White matter mostly ______ signals
Relays
51
The Spinal Cord has _________ and ________ pathways
Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor)
52
Where are Upper Motor neurons contained?
CNS
53
Where are Lower Motor neurons contained?
| What direct influence do they have?
Cranial and Spinal Efferent neurons
| Effect Muscle
54
What is a Reflex Arc?
Basic Nerve unit that response to Stimuli
55
What structures are necessary for a Reflex Arc?
Receptor
Afferent Neuron
Efferent Neuron
56
What protects the CNS?
Cranium
Meninges
Verterbral Column
57
Name the 3 layers of the Meninges
1. Dura Mater (outer most)
2. Arachnoid (middle)
3. Pia Mater (inner most)
58
Describe the Dura Mater
Thick, Ridgid membrane
59
Describe the Arachnoid
Filmy, WEB membrane
60
Describe the Pia Mater
Very thin, Adheres to Brain and Spinal Cord surface
| Provides Support for Vessels, Contains some vessels that supply the Brain
61
Where is the Subdural Space located?
Between Duramater and Arachnoid
62
Where is the Subarachnoid Space located?
Between Arachnoid and Pia Mater
63
Between each Verterbrae is a _____.
Disc
64
Each Intervertebral Disc contains (2 things)?
```
Annulus Fibrosis (firmer)
Nucleus Pulposus (water-filled, easily compressed)
```
65
What is common source of back problems?
Disc problems (herniated, slipped, etc)
66
When Discs slip out, what happens?
Stress on the Spinal Cord or Nerve Roots
67
What % CO does the brain receive?
20% (1/5th)!
68
What is the primary regulator for CNS blood flow?
CO2. It is a potent vasodilator.
69
What connects the internal arteries of the brain?
| What do these allow for?
The Circle of Willis
| Collateral Blood Flow/Compensation for Blockage of main blood pathway
70
______ ______ _________ is a capillary bed and membrane with tight junctions that is very selective about what can and can not go through.
Blood-Brain-Barrier
71
The PNS contains what kind of nerves?
Mixed-Sensory + Motor
72
What are Fasicles?
Bundles of Myelinated Axons in the PNS
73
What is a Rami?
Bundles of Nerves coming from the Vertebral Column
| There are Anterior and Posterior Rami
74
What come from the Posterior Rami?
Dermatomes
75
What do the Rami form?
Plexuses
76
The Brachial Plexus goes to?
Neck and Shoulder
77
The Lumbar Plexus goes to?
Lumbar Area
78
The Sacral Plexus goes to?
Sacral Area
79
Do the Thoracic Vertebae have Plexuses?
No
80
What do the Plexuses of the Anterior Rami do?
They are further bundled down to supply a Large portion of the body.
81
What are Dermatomes?
Skin Innveration (areas of sensation) of the Spinal Nerves
82
Is the ANS broken down into Afferent and Efferent pathways?
No, because they are involuntary/Automatic
83
Is the ANS is part of the CNS and the PNS?
Yes
84
The ANS is broken down into what 2 parts?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
85
Name the collection of nerve fibers that deliver information to the body about stress.
Sympathetic (paraverterbral) Ganglia
86
The Sympathetic NS receives information from what region?
Thoracic (thoracolumbar) region
87
The Parasympathetic NS receives information from what region?
Cranial and Sacral (craniosacral) region
88
What does Pre-Ganglionic mean?
From CNS to nerve Ganglia
89
What does Post-Ganglionic mean?
From Ganglia to Effector Organ
90
In Sympathetic Pre-Ganglionic and Parasympathetic Pre and Post-Ganglionic Fibers, what 2 NT's receptors are there?
1. Acetylcholine
| 2. Cholinergic
91
Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Fibers have what 2 receptors?
1. Norepinephrine
| 2. Adrenergic
92
What Ganglionic Fibers use Norepinephrine?
Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Fibers
| used to maintain b/p
93
What is Nocioception?
The perception of pain
94
What types of stimuli do Nociceptors detect?
Wide-range:
Chemical
Thermal
Mechanical
95
How is Neuropathic pain different?
It is caused by damage to the Actual Nerves
96
Acute Pain has 3 types, name them.
```
Acute Somatic (from body)
Acute Visceral (organ)
Referred pain (pain in a distant from point of origin)--same dermatome
```
97
Define Chronic pain
Greater than 6 months
| Hard to tx
98
When are Nociceptors functional in the fetus?
20-24 wks GA
99
What is the major clue an infant is in pain?
Inconsoability
100
The elderly have increased pain threshold, why?
Peripheral Neuropathies
| Skin thickness changes
101
Temperature is regulated by?
Hypothalamus
102
What does a Fever do?
Resets our "thermostat" at a new set point.
It is our body's response to Pyrogens
-kills many organisms
-deprives bacteria of food
103
Hypothermia does what to cells?
Preserves them
104
Name 3 types of Proprioceptive Dysfunction
1. Vestibular Nystagmus
2. Vertigo
3. Miniere's Dz
105
What is Nystagmus?
What is it's cause?
Constant, involuntary movement of the eyball
| Overstimulation of semi-circular canal
106
What is Vertigo?
Dizziness/sense of spinning
107
What causes Vertigo?
Labrynthitis, Vestibular problems, Benign Positional Vertigo, Migraine, Meniere's Dz, Brain tumors
108
What is Meniere's Dz?
What causes it?
Vertigo + (hearing loss, tinitus)
Idiopathic Vestibular D/O
Otoconia crystals are "off"-they deteriorate w/age. They give our sense of position in space.
109
What are Seizures?
Disruption in the balance of excitation and inhibition. Sudden transient alteration in brain electrical function (discharge of electricity)
110
What is the cellular reason for Seizures?
1. Abrupt, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons
2. Resting potential instability (meds/genetics)
3. Bursts of Action Potentials (hypersynchronization)
111
What factors can precipitate seizures?
```
Lights
Fever
Fatigue
Stress
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Noises
```
112
Do all seizures have a Prodroma?
No
113
With a Generalized seizure, is there loss of consciousness?
Yes-usually bowel and bladder too
114
What are Partial (focal) seizures?
Limited to 1 hemisphere, although can become generalized through hypersynchronization
115
What is Status Epilepticus?
Prolonged seizure or recurrent seizure before regain of consciousness
116
How long is a typical seizure?
~5 min
117
What are the side-effects of seizures?
Increase in ATP consumption
Increase cerebral O2 consumption
Increase cerebral blood flow
Available O2 and glucose are depleted
118
What can happen w/Severe Seizures?
```
More ATP consumed than produced
Lactate accumulates in brain
Hypoxia, Acidosis, Lactate accumulation
Progressive brain tissue injury/destruction
Cellular exhaustion and destruction
```
119
What is Alzheimer's Dz?
A progressive form of Dementia
120
What is seen in all forms of Alzheimer's (on Autopsy)?
Neurofibrillary Tangles
| Senile Plaques
121
What are Clinical Manifestations of Alzheimer's?
Insidiousness Onset of: Forgetfulness, Emotional Upset, Disorientation, Confusion, Lack of Concentration, Decline in Abstraction, Problem-Solving, and Judgement
122
How is Dx of Alzheimer's made?
R/O other causes Dementia
123
What is Parkinson's Dz?
A form of Dementia from:
| Severe degeneration of the Basal Ganglia (corpus striatum) involving the Dopamine secreting pathway
124
What S/S would you see in a pt with Parkinson's Dz?
```
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Tremor
Postural Abnormalities
Autonomic Dysfunction
Cognitive-affective Symptoms
```
125
In Parkinson's Dz, is Depression Situational or Pathological?
Pathological ~50% cases
126
Excessive daytime sleepiness is noted in what condition?
Parkinson's Dz
127
What type of D/O is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Neurodegenerative D/O
128
What is the other name for ALS?
Lou-Gehrig's Dz
129
What does ALS affect?
Diffuse Upper and Lower Motor Neurons of cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord
130
In ALS, progressive weakness leads to what?
Respiratory Failure, Death
131
Does someone with ALS have normal intellectual and sensory function?
Yes
132
What is Brain trauma?
Traumatic insult to the brain.
133
What changes can traumatic insult to the brain cause?
```
Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social
Vocational
```
134
Who is at most risk for TBI?
*everyone who is not 35-70 y/o
Men are 1.5 x's
Live in higher crime area
135
Name the 2 types of Brain Trauma
Blunt (closed, nonmissile) trauma
| Open (penetrating, missile) trauma
136
Name a type of Blunt brain trauma
| What type of injury is usually sustained?
Concussion from strike to the head
| Focal or diffuse
137
Name a type of Open brain trauma
| What type of injury is usually sustained?
GSW
| Usually focal injury
138
What is the #1 reason for Brain Injury?
Falls, then MVA's
139
What is the Hallmark of Severe Brain Injury?
LOC greater than 6 hrs
140
What is Focal Brain Injury?
Specific, grossly observable lesions/injuries
141
What does the Force of a Focal Brain Injury typically produce?
Contusions
142
What can a Focal Brain Injury cause?
Hemorrhage:
Extradural (epidural Hemorrhage/Hematoma)
Subdural and Intracerebral Hematoma
143
What is Coup and Contrecoup?
In Focal Brain Injury-the connections between the brain and skull get damaged. Can happen all around head even if only 1 part was hit
144
What is an Extradural (Epidural) injury?
Arterial bleeding between the Dura and Skull.
Most severe. Serious, Life-Threatening
90% have skull fracture
145
What vasculature is in the Subdural area?
Veins
146
What is significant about an Intracerebral Hematoma?
Can be small
| Many times is r/t increased B/P
147
What is a brain Contusion?
Blood leaking from an injured vessel.
| severity depends on impact.
148
What are the S/S of a brain Contusion?
Increased ICP, Infarction, Necrosis, Multiple Hemorrhages, Loss of consciousness, Transient Apnea, changes in Attention, Memory, Executive Fxn, Affect, Behavior
149
Name an example of Repeated Contusion.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
150
What is the most common site for Extradural hematoma?
Temporal fossa
151
What are Clinical Manifestations A/W Extradural (Epidural) Hematoma?
Unconscious-->Lucid-->Unconscious-->Dead
| *there's no where for blood to go except to squeeze the brain
152
What is the most common Brain Hematoma seen?
What is the most common cause?
Subdural Hematoma (venous)
MVA
153
What are the Clinical Manifestations of Subdural Hematoma?
```
Headache (most prominent symptom)
Drowsiness
Restlessness
Agitation
Slowed cognition
Confusion
```
154
Can a Subdural Hematoma be Chronic?
Yes, and can be managed and be ok.
155
What happens in a Subdural Hematoma?
The veins tear causing a Hematoma to develop. Not as Rapid as an Extradural (Epidural) Hematoma.
156
When does an Acute Subdural Hematoma develop?
w/in 48 hrs
157
When does a Chronic Subdural Hematoma Develop?
Days to weeks
158
What is an Intracerebral Hemorrhage A/W?
MVA and Falls, can also from Burst Aneurysm
159
When do Intracerebral Hemorrhages appear?
3-10 days after head injury
160
What are the Clinical Manifestations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage?
Focal Neurological Deficit
Headache, Vomiting
Decreasing Level OC (not loss)
Pupillary dilation (as it gets worse)
161
What is a Mild Concussion?
Temporal Axonal disturbances causing
| attention and memory deficits but no LOC
162
What is the grading of a Mild Concussion?
1-4
1 and 2 = no LOC
3 = Any LOC
163
What is a Classic Cerebral Concussion?
Grade 4; LOC up to 6 hrs
Involves physiological and neurologic dysfunction without substantial anatomic disruption
either: Uncomplicated/No focal injury = No bleeds/fxs OR
Complicated/Focal injury = bleed/fx
164
What is CTE?
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
165
What causes CTE?
Repeated Insults (i.e. football players)
166
What 2 things does Spinal Cord Trauma cause?
1. Neurogenic Shock
| 2. Autonomic Hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)
167
What is Neurogenic Shock?
From Cervical or Thoracic cord Injury
Loss of Sympathetic Outflow:
Vasodilation, Hypotension, Bradycardia, Hypothermia
168
Is Neurogenic Shock Fixed or Transient?
Either
169
What is Autonomic Hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)?
Usually in early stages of Spinal Cord injury - above T5/T6
Massive Uncompensated cardiovascular response to stim. of SNS
Continual Stim. of Sensory receptors below level of injury-->activates thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves
170
What are the S/S of Autonomic Hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)
How do you relieve it?
Severe HTN
Headache
Flushing (fight/flight)
Remove the stimulus, i.e. cath the bladder
171
Name the 2 type of Stroke Syndromes (CVA)
1. Thrombotic Stroke
| 2. Embolic Stroke
172
What is a Thrombotic stroke?
Arterial occlusions caused by Thrombi formed in Arteries
173
What usually causes Thrombotic Stroke?
Atherosclerosis
174
What is an Embolic stroke?
A thrombus that broke away and traveled
175
What is key with stoke tx?
Reverse the blood flow problem before build up of oxidative stress in the brain
176
What is a Cerebral Infarction?
Area of brain that loses blood supply and becomes ischemic (from either thrombotic or embolic stroke)
177
What is Hemorrhagic stroke (ICH)?
Spontaneous bleeding in the brain
178
What causes Hemorrhagic stroke (ICH)?
Hypertension, Ruptured Aneurysms
179
Name the 4 types Intracranial Aneurysm
1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm
2. Fusiform (giant) aneurysm
3. Mycotic aneurysm-from bacterial inf.
4. Traumatic dissecting anurysm
180
What are Aneurysms?
Weakening of the wall of the vessel and bleeding (hematoma, and decreased blood flow r/t occlusion, etc.)
181
Name the 2 primary Headache syndromes
1. Migraine
| 2. Cluster
182
Which type of Headache is more common in women?
Migraine
183
Which type of Headache is more common in men?
Cluster
184
Do Primary headaches have underlying pathology?
No. (structural or chemical)
185
What are some triggers for Migraines?
Caffiene
Stress
Allergies
Menstrual Cycle
186
Is an Aura always present with a Migraine?
No, Most Do NOT
187
What is a Cluster Headache?
A subset of Migraine
| Have several attacks/headaches in a day followed by long period without
188
What are S/S of cluster Headaches?
Usually Unilateral, Tearing, Burning, Eye Watering on Affected side, Temporal Pain (severe)
189
Does 100% O2 tx Cluster headaches or Migraines?
Cluster, relieves them right away
190
Can Tension headaches and Migraines overlap?
Yes
191
What type of headache is r/t stress?
Tension
192
What is Meningitis?
Inflammation of the Meninges
193
What are the 3 types of Meningitis?
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
194
What type of Meningitis is more common in Men?
Bacterial
195
What is Bacterial Meningitis?
Bacterial infection of the Pia and Arachnoid Mater
196
Which is LESS severe, Bacterial, Viral, or Fungal Meningitis?
Viral
197
Who is more susceptible to Fungal Meningitis?
People with impaired immune function: CA, HIV, etc.
198
What is Encephalitis?
Infection of the Brain
199
Encephalitis is usually _________ in origin
Viral w/Nervous System involvement
200
The most common forms of Encephalitis are caused by what 2 things?
1. Arthropod-borne viruses (from Mosquitoes)
| 2. From HSV
201
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
A Progressive, Inflammatory, Autoimmune, Demyelinating D/O of the CNS
202
What happens in MS?
The Myelin sheath in CNS neurons (Brain) Degenerates
203
What types of MS are there?
Mixed (general)
Spinal-Limb weakness and numbness
Cerebellar-nystagmus and ataxia
204
Who does MS typically effect?
```
Women more than Men
Age onset usually 20-40 y/o
People w/Vitamin D deficiency
Wide range of debilitation
See scattered, white lesions on MRI
```
205
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
A PNS Demyelination D/O
Aquired inflammatory Dz, causes Demyelination of Peripheral nerves with sparing of axons
Acuite onset, Ascends from feet up
NOT PROGRESSIVE, reversible
Auto-immune reaction initiated by infection
There is a Sensory-only version of this
206
What is Schizophrenia?
What Neuroanatomic Alterations are seen?
What Neurotransmitter Alterations are seen?
The best understood psych D/O.
Neuroanatomic Alterations: Enlargement of Lateral and 3rd ventricles, widening of Frontal cortical fissures and Sulci
Neurotransmitter Alterations: Brain Dopamine pathways altered (over-expression)
207
Are Females or Males affected more by Schizophrenia?
Neither, they are equally affected
208
What are the Clinical Manifestations of Schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized Behavior, Speech, Hygiene
Affective (near absence) of emotion or expression
Anhedonia (loss of pleasure)
Alogia (poor speech)
Avolition (loss of goal-directed behavior)
209
What is Mood?
Sustained emotional state
210
Affective states are?
Brief emotional feelings-sadness, euphoria, joy, surprise, fear, etc.
211
What is Depression?
What causes it?
States such as Sadness become Prominent
Neurochemical dysregulation
Neuroendocrine dysregulation
Neuroanatomic and functional abnormalities
212
Name the 2 categories of Mood D/O.
1. Unipolar- Major Depression
2. Bipolar- Depression and Mania
(w/Mania=excess Dopamine and Serotonin)
213
What is the Neurochemical dysregulation hypothesis for Depression?
The most widely accepted theory that Dopamine and Serotonin deficits cause Depression
214
What is the Neuroendocrine dysregulation cause of Depression?
HPA system dysregulation--increased stress (increased Cortisol),Chronic activation of HPA; Atrophy of neurons
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid system dysregulation--blunted thyroid response (blunted affect in hypothalmic pts)
215
What is the Neuroanatomic and functional abnormalities that cause Depression?
Decrease in actual Serotonin Receptors
216
What do MAO Inhibitors do?
Prevent degradation of Serotonin and Norepinephrine
217
What do Tricyclics and SSRI's do?
Reduce the Uptake of NT's at the Pre-synaptic Neuron, making them available for uptake in Post-synaptic Neuron.
*fewer side-effects than MAOI's
218
What is General Anxiety D/O?
Excessive and persistent worries
Norepinephrine and Serotonin abnromalities
GABA-BZ receptor alterations
219
What does Panic D/O respond to?
80% respond to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and/or Antidepressants
220
What medications do Anxiety D/O's respond well to?
Tricyclics and SSRI's
221
Do Anxiety and Depression go together?
Yes
222
What causes Neural Tube Defects?
Arrest of the normal development of brain and spinal cord
223
NTD's have a strong A/W what in fetus?
Fetal Death (effectively reducing the # of NTD's at birth)
224
What cause is NTD's A/W?
Maternal Folate Deficiency
225
Preconception Folate intake reduces NTD risk by _____%
70%
226
What is the most common NTD?
Spina Bifida
227
What is Anencephaly?
Missing part of the brain/skull
228
What is Encephalocele?
Brain and Meninges are in the defect-located at base of neck posteriorly
229
What is a Meningocele?
Meninges through spinal defect
230
What is a Myelomeningocele?
What is it most often A/W?
Meninges, spinal cord, spinal fluid through defect
Arnold-Chiari malformation
231
Name 2 Acute Encephalopathies
1. Lead Poisoning
2. Meningitis
* 1/2 of all bacterial Meningitis cases are in those less than 18 y/o
232
What is Static Encephalopathy?
Have a wide-range of effects, includes Cerebral Palsy
233
What is Cerebral Palsy?
A diverse group of nonprogressive syndromes that affect the brain and cause motor dysfunction beginning in early infancy
234
What causes Cerebral Palsy?
Hypoxia
Vascular Abnormalities
Birth Trauma
*Head cooling and MgSO4 have helped incidence
235
What are types of Cerebral Palsy?
Spastic
Dyskinetic
Ataxic
*Affects gait and fine motor movement
236
What do nodes of Ranvier do?
They form spaces on either side of the Schwann cells of the PNS
237
What is Delerium?
A confusional state
