Neuro Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
allodynia
A
sensation of pain in response to a stimulus that would not typically produce pain
2
Q
analgesia
A
absence of pain while remaining conscious
3
Q
anesthesia
A
absence of touch sensation
4
Q
causalgia
A
constant, relentless, burning hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia that develops after a peripheral nerve injury
5
Q
dysesthesia
A
distortion of any of the senses, especially the sense of touch
6
Q
hyperesthesia
A
heightened sensation
7
Q
hyperpathia
A
an extreme exaggerated response to pain
8
Q
hypesthesia
A
diminished sensation of touch
9
Q
neuralgia
A
severe and multiple shock-like pains that radiate from a specific nerve distribution
10
Q
pallanesthesia
A
loss of vibration sensation
11
Q
paresthesia
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abnormal sensations such as tingling, pins and needles, or burning sensations
12
Q
akinesia
A
inability to initiate movement; commonly seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease
13
Q
asthenia
A
generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology
14
Q
ataxia
A
inability to perform coordinated movements
15
Q
athetosis
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condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture.
Peripheral movements occur without central stability
16
Q
bradykinesia
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movement that is very slow
17
Q
chorea
A
movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary
18
Q
clasp-knife response
A
form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of range that lessens with movement through the ROM
19
Q
clonus
A
characteristic of an UMN lesion; involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex
20
Q
cogwheel rigidity
A
a form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality to it; often seen with Parkinson’s disease
21
Q
dysdiadochokinesia
A
inability to perform rapidly alternating movements
22
Q
dysmetria
A
inability to control the range of movement and the force of muscular activity
23
Q
dystonia
A
closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles
24
Q
fasciculation
A
muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a LMN and its muscle fibers; suggests LMN disease; however, it can be benign
25
hemiballism
involuntary and violent movement of a large body part
26
kinesthesia
ability to perceive the direction and extend of movement of a joint or body part
27
lead pipe rigidity
form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to ROM; often associated with lesions of the basal ganglia
28
rigidity
state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at a specified joint
29
tremor
involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to a basal ganglia lesion. There are various classifications secondary to a specific etiology.
30
closed-system model
characterized by transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control.
NS is seen as an active "participant" with the ability to enable the initiation of movement as opposed to solely "reacting" to stimuli
31
compensation
ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task
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habituation
decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli
33
learning
process of acquiring knowledge about the world that leads to a relatively permanent change in a persons capability to perform a skilled action
34
non-associative learning
a single, repeated stimulus (habituation, sensitization)
35
associative learning
gaining understanding of the relationship between two stimuli, causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (classical conditioning, operant conditioning)
36
procedural learning
learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration to the task; a task is learned by forming movement habits (developing a habit through repetitive practice)
37
declarative learning
requires attention, awareness, and reflection in order to attain knowledge that can be consciously recalled (mental practice)
38
motor learning
ability to perform a movement as a result of internal processes that interact with the environment and produce a consistent strategy to generate the correct movement.
It is the acquisition of, or modification of movement
39
motor program
a concept of a central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes. Motor programs are seen as containing the rules for creating spatial and temporal patterns of motor activity needed to carry out a given motor task
40
open system model
characterized by a single transfer of information without any feedback loop (reflexive hierarchal theory). In this theory, the NS is seen as awaiting stimuli in order to react
41
performance
a temporary change in motor behavior seen during a particular session of practice that is a result of many variables; however, only one variable is focusing on the act of learning. Performance is not an absolute measure of learning since there are multiple variables that potentially affect performance
42
plasticity
ability to modify or change at the synapse level either temporarily or permanently in order to perform a particular function
43
postural control
ability of the motor and sensory systems to stabilize position and control movement
44
recovery
ability to utilize previous strategies to return to the same level of functioning
45
sensitization
the increase in response that will occur as a result of a noxious stimuli
46
strategy
a plan used to produce a specific result or outcome that will influence the structure or system
47
agnosia
inability to interpret information
48
agraphesthesia
inability to recognize symbols, letters, or numbers traced on the skin
49
agraphia
inability to write due to a lesion within the brain and is typically found in combination with aphasia
50
alexia
inability to read or comprehend written language secondary to a lesion within the dominant lobe of the brain
51
anosognosia
the denial or unawareness of one's illness; often associated with unilateral neglect
52
aphasia
inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain
53
apraxia
inability to perform purposeful learned movements or activities even though there is no sensory or motor impairment that would hinder completion of the task
54
astereognosis
inability to recognize objects by sense of touch
55
body schema
having an understanding of the body as a whole and the relationship of its parts to the whole
56
constructional apraxia
inability to reproduce geometric figures and designs. A person is often unable to visually analyze how to perform a task
57
decerebrate rigidity
characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in extension of the trunk and all extremities
58
decorticate rigidity
characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk and lower extremities are positioned in extension and the upper extremities are positioned in flexion
59
diplopia
double vision
60
dysarthria
slurred and impaired speech due to a motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech
61
dysphagia
inability to properly swallow
62
dysprosody
impairment in the rhythm and inflection of speech
63
emotional lability
a characteristic of right hemisphere infarct where there is an inability to control emotions and outbursts of laughing or crying that are inconsistent with the situation
64
fluent aphasia
characteristic of receptive aphasia where speech produces functional output regarding articulation, but lacks content and is typically dysprosodic using neologistic jargon
65
hemiparesis
condition of weakness on one side of the body
66
hemiplegia
condition of paralysis on one side of the body
67
homonymous hemianopsia
loss of the right or left half o the field of vision in both eyes
68
ideational apraxia
inability to formulate an initial motor plan and sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movements is impaired
69
ideomotor apraxia
a condition where a person plans a movements or task, but cannot volitionally perform it. Automatic movements may occur, however, a person cannot impose additional movements on command
70
neologism
substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable
71
non-fluent aphasia
characteristic of expressive aphasia where speech is non-functional, effortful, and contains paraphasias.
Writing is also impaired
72
perseveration
the state of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose
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synergy
mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity due to brain damage
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unilateral neglect
the inability to interpret stimuli and events on the contralateral side of a hemispheric lesion. Left-sided neglect is most common withe a lesion to the right inferior parietal or superior temporal lobes
75
cauda equina injury
term used to describe injuries that occur below the L1 level of the spine. A cauda equina injury is considered to be a LMN lesion
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dermatome
designated sensory areas based on spinal segment innervation
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head-hips relationship
principle of mechanics used during mobility training with UE WBing used as a fulcrum for activity.
Technique requires the head to move in the opposite direction from the hips
78
myelotomy
surgical procedure that severs certain tracts within the spinal cord in order to decrease spasticity and improve function
79
myotome
designated motor areas based on spinal segment innervation
80
neurectomy
surgical removal of a segment of a nerve in order to decrease spasticity and improve function
81
neurogenic non-reflexive bladder
bladder is flaccid as a result of cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion.
Sacral reflex arc is damaged
82
neurogenic reflexive bladder
bladder empties reflexively for a patient with an injury above the level of T12.
Sacral reflex arc remains intact
83
neurologic level
lowest segment (most caudal) of the spinal cord with intact strength and sensation.
Muscle groups at this level receive a grade of fair
84
paradoxical breathing
a form of abdominal breathing that is common in tetraplegia where the abdomen rises and the chest is pulled inward during inspiration. On expiration, the abdomen falls and the chest expands
85
paraplegia
term used to describe injuries that occur at the level of the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine
86
rhizotomy
surgical resection of the sensory component of a spinal nerve in order to decrease spasticity and improve function
87
sacral sparing
incomplete lesion where some of the innermost tracts remain innervated. Characteristics include sensation of the saddle area, movement of the toe flexors, and rectal sphincter contraction
88
spinal shock
a physiologic response that occurs between 30-60mins after trauma to the SC and can last up to several weeks.
Spinal shock presents with total flaccid paralysis and loss of all reflexes below the level of injury
89
tenodesis
patients with tetraplegia that do not possess motor control for grasp can utilize the tight finger flexors in combination with wrist extension to produce a form of grasp
90
tenotomy
a surgical release of a tendon in order to decrease spasticity and improve function
91
tetraplegia (quadriplegia)
a term adopted by the American Spinal Injury Association to describe injuries that occur at the level of the cervical spine
92
zone of preservation
term used to describe poor or trace motor or sensory function for up to 3 levels below the neurologic level of injury
93
double crush syndrome
existence of two of separate lesions along the same nerve that create more severe symptoms than if only one lesion existed
94
mononeuropathy
an isolated nerve lesion; associated conditions include trauma and entrapement
95
neuroma
abnormal growth of nerve cells; associated conditions include vasculitis, AIDS, and amyloidosis
96
peripheral neuropathy
impairment or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves; associated conditions include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, trauma, alcoholism
97
polyneuropathy
diffuse nerve dysfunction that is symmetrical and typically secondary to pathology and not trauma; associated conditions include GBS, peripheral neuropathy, use of neurotoxic drugs, and HIV
98
axon
projection of a nerve away from the cell body that conducts impulses
99
dendrite
extension of the cell body that receives signals from other neurons
100
endoneurium
innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon
101
epineurium
the outermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds the entire nerve and provides a buffer for the peripheral nerve
102
motor unit
a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
103
myelin
proteins and lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves; increases conductivity of the nerve impulse
104
nerve conduction velocity
measure the speed of a nerve impulse along the axon of a nerve
105
neurons
nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells; compromised of a cell body, axon, and dendrites
106
nodes of Ranvier
brief gaps in myelination of an axon; serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node
107
perineurium
the middle layer of covering surrounding the peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains the blood-nerve barrier
108
saltatory conduction
an action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases the use of sodium-potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction
109
schwann cell
cells that cover the nerve fibers within the peripheral nervous system and form the myelin sheath
110
barognosis (screening procedure)
perceive the weight of different objects in the hand
111
deep pain (screening procedure)
squeeze the forearm or calf muscle
112
graphesthesia (screening procedure)
identify a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input
113
kinesthesia (screening procedure)
identify direction and extent of movements of a joint or body part
114
light touch (screening procedure)
perceive touch through light pressure or use of a cotton ball
115
localization (screening procedure)
ability to identify the exact location of light touch on the body using a verbal response or gesturing
116
proprioception (screening procedure)
identify a static position of an extremity or body part
117
stereognosis (screening procedure)
identify an object without sight
118
superficial pain (screening procedure)
perceive noxious stimulus using a pen cap, paper clip end, or pin
119
temperature (screening procedure)
perceive warm and cold test tubes
120
two-point discrimination (screening procedure)
using a two-point caliper on the skin, identify one or two points without visual input
121
vibration (screening procedure)
perceive vibration or pain though a tuning fork
122
intrinsic (inherent) feedback
represents all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems as a result of the movement including visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and somatosensory inputs
123
extrinsic (augmented) feedback
represents the information that can be provided while a task or movements is in progress or subsequent to the movement. This is typically in the form of verbal feedback or manual contacts
124
knowledge of results
is an important form of extrinsic feedback and includes terminal feedback regarding the outcome of a movement that has been performed in relation to the movement's goals
125
knowledge of performance
is extrinsic feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern that someone used to achieve their goal of movement
126
massed practice
practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
127
distributed practice
amount of rest time between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of practice time for each trial
128
constant practice
practice of a given task under a uniform condition
129
variable practice
practice of a given task under differing conditions
130
random practice
varying practice amongst different tasks
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blocked practice
consistent practice of a single task
132
whole training
practice of an entire task
133
part training
practice of an individual component or selected components of a task
134
closed motor skill
a skill that is performed under a stable and unchanging environment
135
knowledge of results
providing the patient with external feedback regarding a patients performance on a task. This can include observations as well as objective data and can be positive or negative in nature with the goal of influencing the learner.
136
open motor skill
a skill that is performed under a consistently changing environment
137
transfer of learning
an action cannot be separated from the environment that is performed in. A patient must be able to transfer the skill or motor task into different environments
138
facilitation
a technique utilized to elicit voluntary muscular contraction
139
inhibition
a technique utilized to decrease excessive tone or movement
140
key points of control
specific handling of designated areas of the body (shoulder, pelvis, hand, and foot) will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control
141
placing
the act of moving an extremity into position that ht patient must hold against gravity
142
reflex inhibiting posture
designated static positions that Bobath found to inhibit abnormal tonal influences and reflexes
143
associated reaction
an involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part
144
homolateral synkinesis
a flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity
145
limb synergies
a group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns
146
Raimiste's phenomenon
the involved LE will abduct or adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved lower extremity in the same direction
147
Souques' phenomenon
raising the involved UE above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension and abduction of the fingers
