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Phase 1 Med COPY > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Controls personality and behaviour
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2
Q

Where are the primary motor and sensory cortexes located and what separates them?

A
  • Motor: Pre-central gyrus in frontal lobe
  • Sensory: Post-central gyrus in parietal lobe
  • Separated by central sulcus
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3
Q

Where is Broca’s area located, what Brodmann area number is it, and what is its function?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • 44
  • Controls speech production
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4
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Controls memory, language comprehension and emotion.
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5
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located, what Brodmann area number is it and what is its function?

A
  • Temporal lobe
  • 22
  • Speech comprehension
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6
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processes visual images via visual cortex

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7
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sense of touch, proprioception and numerical/written information.

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8
Q

Where is the limbic lobe?

A

Hidden within the brain, around the corpus callosum. Defined by singulate and parahypacampal gryri.

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9
Q

What are the tree-like structures within the cerebellum called?

A

Arbor vitae.

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10
Q

What are the 2 fissures of the cerebellum called?

A

Primary and horizontal

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11
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the cerebellum called?

A
  • Posterior and anterior.
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12
Q

What attached the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

The vermis.

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinate skeletal muscle movement/filter out errors to create the best response.

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14
Q

What is the role of the superior peduncle?

A
  • Connect cerebellum to midbrain.
  • Receive information from the ventral spinocerebellar tract.
  • Mainly efferent fibres.
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15
Q

What is the role of the middle peduncle?

A
  • Connect cerebellum to pons.

- Receive information from motor cortex (corticocerebellar fibres.)

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16
Q

What is the role of the inferior peduncle?

A
  • Connect cerebellum and medulla oblongata

- Receive information from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and vestibulocerebellar tract.

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17
Q

Which of the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts are contralateral and ipsilateral?

A
  • Dorsal: contralateral

- Ventral: ipsilateral

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18
Q

What are mossy fibres?

A

Fibres from the pons via the middle cerebellar peduncle.

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19
Q

What are climbing fibres?

A

Fibres from the olivary nucleus located in the medulla oblongata via the inferior peduncle.

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20
Q

What are Purkinje cell axons?

A

Output to dentate nucleus via superior cerebellar peduncles where they decussate then to thalamus and red nucleus.

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21
Q

What is the corpus callosum? What are its parts?

A
  • Large bundle of white matter (commissural fibres) connecting the 2 hemispheres of the brain.
  • Made up of rostrum, genu, body and splenium.
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22
Q

What is the limbic system made up of?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix etc.

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23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Processes motivationally significant stimuli i.e. fear/reward. Emotion centre.

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24
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Long term memory formation

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25
Q

What makes up the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata?

A 
Pons at the top.
Olives above pyramids.
Decussation of pyramids.
Postero-lateral sulcus (further out)
Ventro-lateral sulcus (towards medial side.)
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26
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Generate nerve impulses that control execution of movement (i.e. first thought to move begins here.)

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27
Q

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

A

All sensory information from the body is processed here

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28
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives and processes information from optic nerves.

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29
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Processed auditory information.

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30
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebrum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery - front and middle, like chicken head.
Middle cerebral artery - majority of lateral part.
Posterior cerebral artery - majority of back of brain

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31
Q

What is the blood supply to the cerebellum?

A

Superior part: superior cerebellar artery.

Inferior part: posterior and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries.

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32
Q

Where do vertebral arteries from the circle of Willis go on to?

A

They pass through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae.

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33
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A

Anterior part of the spinal cord.

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34
Q

What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

A

The choroid plexus.

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35
Q

What do the pontine arteries supply?

A

The pons.

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36
Q

What does the opthalmic artery supply?

A

Structures of the orbit.

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37
Q

Where do Berry aneurysms occur?

A

Areas of weakness, particularly where branches come from the main circle of Willis. Get progressively larger until they burst –> subarachnoid or intracerebral haemorrhage.
- Often effects anterior communicating artery.

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38
Q

In which layer do arteries and veins which sit on the brain lie?

A

Subarachnoid space

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39
Q

What is the venous drainage of the brain?

A

Internal and external cerebral veins –> dural venous sinuses –> –> Internal jugular vein.

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40
Q

Where do the olfactory and optic nerves arise from?

A

Cerebrum

41
Q

Where do the 3 - 12th cranial nerves arise from?

A

Brainstem

42
Q

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

3, 7, 9, 10.

43
Q

List the cranial nerves.

A
  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Occulomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory spinal
  • Hypoglossal
44
Q
  • Olfactory nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Olfactory epithelium.
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Cribiform plate (of ethmoid bone.)
45
Q
  • Optic nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Retina
  • Vision
  • Optic canal
46
Q
  • Occulomotor nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Superior, middle and inferior rectus, inferior oblique and teratator palpebrae.
  • Movement of eyeball.
  • Papillary contrictor and ciliary muscles.
  • Pupil diameter control.
  • SOF
47
Q
  • Trochlear nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Superior oblique.
  • Movement of eyeball.
  • SOF
48
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Opthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular
49
Q
  • Trigeminal nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Opthalmic:
  • Scalp, forehead, nose.
  • Sensation
  • SOF
  • Maxillary:
  • Cheek, upper lip, teeth, palate.
  • Sensation
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular:
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Sensation/opening and closing mouth
  • Foramen ovale
50
Q
  • Abducens nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Lateral rectus.
  • Movement of eyeball.
  • SOF
51
Q
  • Facial nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Taste
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Facial expression
  • Lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands.
  • Lacrimation and salivation.
  • IAM
52
Q
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Cochlea and vestibular apparatus
  • Hearing and balance
  • IAM
53
Q
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Middle ear
  • Sensation
  • Posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Taste
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Swallowing
  • Parotid gland
  • Salivation
54
Q
  • Vagus nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Pharynx, larynx and external ear
  • Sensation
  • Thoracic and abdominal viscera
  • Visceral sensation
  • Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
  • Speech and swallowing
  • GI tract
  • Control of it
  • Jugular foreman
55
Q
  • Spinal accessory nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
  • Movement of head and shoulders
  • Jugular foreman
56
Q
  • Hypoglossal nerve:

Structures innervated, function and exit point from skull

A
  • Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
  • Movement of tongue.
  • Hypoglossal canal.
57
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

2nd branch of trigeminal nerve (maxiallry branch)

58
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

3rd branch pf trigeminal nerve (mandibular branch)

59
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

60
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nothing, but Internal carotid artery passes through carotid canal which is close.

61
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A
  • Internal jugular vein

- CN 9, 10, 11

62
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A
  • Spinal cord

- Vertebral arteries

63
Q

What passes through the SOF?

A
  • CN 3, 4, 1st branch of 5th, 6.
64
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A
  • CN 2 (opthalmic)

- Opthalmic artery

65
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN 7 and 8.

66
Q

What passes through the ethmoidal foramen?

A

CN 1.

67
Q

Describe the path of CSF in the brain

A
  • Produced in the choroid plexuses (mainly lateral ventricles.)
  • Pass from lateral to 3rd ventricles (via interventricular foramen - foramen of Munroe.)
  • Then moves backwards into 4th ventricle (via cerebral aqueduct.)
  • From 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space via foramen of Magendie and Luschka.
  • Reabsorption occurs at arachnoid granulations.
  • This then drains into venous sinus blood.
68
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral meninges?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
69
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dua mater and what do they cover?

A
  • Endosteal: Lines inside of skull.

- Meningeal: Lines endosteal layer.

70
Q

What layer are the dural venous sinuses in?

A
  • Between endosteal and meningeal layer of dua mater.
71
Q

What is the falx cerebri and how is it formed?

A

Dural fold of the dua mater which runs in the longitudinal fissure and separates right and left hemisphere.

72
Q

What is the vasculature and innervation of the dua mater?

A
  • Middle meningeal artery.

- Trigeminal nerve.

73
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Where the falx cerebri attaches to the cranium.

74
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

The free border (bottom) of falx cerebri

75
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Dura separating cerebellum from rest of brain. Creates a ‘tent’ over it.

76
Q

Where is the straight sinus?

A

Between the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

77
Q

What is the falx cerebelli.

A

Layer of dura the separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum

78
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

Between tentorium cerebelli and occipital bone.

79
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus?

A

Lateral to body of sphenoid bone

80
Q

What does the cavernous sinus contain and where?

A

Lateral side: Occulomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic branch, maxillary branch.
Medial part: Carotid artery, abducens nerve.

81
Q

What does the foramen of Megendie lead to?

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern

82
Q

What does the foramen of Luschka lead to?

A

Pontine cistern

83
Q

What is the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater called?

A

Subarachnoid space

84
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier made of?

A
  • Endothelial cells of capillaries
  • Basement membrane and pia mater
  • Astrocytic end-feet (of brain.)
85
Q

Where is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Between skull and dura mater.

86
Q

Where is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Between dura and arachnoid

87
Q

Where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

88
Q

Where is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Within brain tissue

89
Q

What is meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meningeal layers due to infection

90
Q

What is the septa pellucida?

A

Thin, double layered covering separating the left and right ventricles. Between corpus callosum and fornix.

91
Q

Which meningeal layers continue down the spinal cord?

A

All 3 - dua mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.

92
Q

What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called and what is their role?

A
  • Atlas and axis.

- Atlas sits on the dens of axis and rotates on.

93
Q

What are intervertebral discs made up of and what does each part consist of?

A

Withstand compression but allow movement.

  • Annulus fibrosus on outside: 10 -12 concentric layers of collagen.
  • Nucleus pulposus: Well hydrated gel with proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells.
94
Q

What shape is the lumbar vertabra body?

A

Heart shaped.

95
Q

What is uniwue about some cervical vertebra’s spinous processes?

A

They are bifid (have 2 parts.)

96
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Triangular.

97
Q

How many of each foramina do the cervical vertebrae have?

A
  • 1 vertebral

- 2 transverse

98
Q

Which additional processes do lumbar vertebrae have which the other types don’t?

A
  • Superior and inferior articular processes.
99
Q

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle called and what is it made up of? What is it limited by laterally and posteriorly?

A
  • Rhomboid fossa.
  • Back of pons and medulla oblongata.
  • Laterally: cuneate and gracile tubercles.
  • Posteriorly: cerebellar peduncles.

Phase 1 Med COPY (20 decks)

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