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Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

Notochord induces overlying ______ to differentiate into _____ and form ________

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate.

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2
Q

Neural plate gives rise to

A

neural tube and neural crest cells.

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3
Q

Notochord becomes

A

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults.

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4
Q

Alar plate:

Dorsal/basal plate:

A

alar = dorsal (also lateral nuclei) = sensory

basal = ventral (also medial nuclei)= motor

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5
Q

neural tube defects is from mother folate deficiency but also what?

A

maternal diabetes

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6
Q

what is elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in neural tube defects?

A

alpha-fetoprotein (except in spina bifida occulta..makes sense since that one isn’t a super open defect)

elevated Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid is a good confirmatory test (leaks from CSF into amniotic fluid)

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7
Q

what 2 conditions is holoprosencephaly seen in?

and what mutation may it be related to?

A

trisomy 21
fetal alcohol syndrome

sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

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8
Q

what is chiari 1 malformation, what is it associated w/?

clinical presentation?

A

ectopia of cerebellar tonsils (1 structure for chiari 1)

asympto in childhood
adult -> headaches and cerebellar sx

associated w/ spinal cavitations (eg syringomyelia)

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9
Q

what is chiari II malformation, what is it associated w/?

presentation?

A

herniation of cerebellar vermis and tonsils (2 structures for chiari 2), thru foramen magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis -> hydrocephalus

associated w/ lumbrosacral meningomyelocele

presents as paralysis/sensory loss at or below level of lesion

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10
Q

what is dandy-walker syndrome, what is it associated w/?

A

cerebellar vermis agenesis
cystic enlargement of 4th vetricle
enlarged posterior fossa

associated w/ noncommunicating hydrocephalus and spina bifida

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11
Q

Syringomyelia:
presentation?
associations?
most common levels affected?

A

cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp (fibers crossing anterior white commissure are damaged) of upper extremities (like burning hands while cooking!)

if syrinx expands -> more tracts involved -> muscle atrophy and weakness (LMN stuff) and Horner syndrome! (hypothalamospinal tract, which is SNS input of face)

a/w Chiari malformation, trauma, tumors

most common at C8-T1

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12
Q

________ branchial arches form anterior 2/3 tongue
sensation via CN_____
taste via CN______

A

1st and 2nd arches
sensation = CN V3
taste = CN VII

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13
Q

________ branchial arches form posterior 1/3 tongue
sensation via CN_____
taste via CN______

A

3rd and 4th arches

both mainly CN IX 9
super posterior is CN X

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14
Q

CN X innervates _____ to elevate posterior tongue during swallowing

A

palatoglossus

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15
Q

what cell has these functions:
extracellular K+ buffer, removal of excess NTs, part of BBB, glycogen fuel reserve buffer

what embryo layer is it derived from?
marker:

A

Astrocytes

derived from neuroectoderm

marker: GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

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16
Q

Microglia

function
derived from:

also note that they are the ones that fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS HIV infection

A

CNS macrophages

derived from mesoderm. mononuclear origin.

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17
Q

CNS demyelinating Dzs (affects oligodendrocytes) (3)

A

MS
PML
Leukodystrophies

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18
Q

which sensory receptors are large myelinated fibers that detect pressure, deep static touch (shapdes, edges), and proprioception? located in finger tips and superficial skin

A

Merkel discs

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19
Q

dendritic endings with capsule on finger tips and joints. detect pressure, slippage, joint angle change

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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20
Q

of the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium, 1)which one has inflammatory infiltrate in GBS? 2) which one is the blood-nerve permeability barrier?

A

1) endoneurium

2) perineurium

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21
Q

CNS NE is produced where?

A

Locus ceruleus

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22
Q

CNS GABA is produced where?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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23
Q

CNS dopamine is produced where? (2)

A

ventral tegmentum

substantia nigra pars compacta

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24
Q

NT changes in depression

A

decreased dopamine, NE, serotonin

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25
NT changes in shizophrenia
increased dopamine
26
NT changes in Parkinson's
decreased dopamine and serotonin | increased ACh
27
NT changes in Huntington's
decreased ACh and GABA | increased dopamine
28
embryonic origins of dura arachnoid and pia maters
dura - mesoderm other 2 are neural crest
29
3 components of BBB. which one is most important?
endothelial tight junctions *** most important basal lamina astrocytic foot processes
30
which glut transporters are in brain
GLUT1, GLUT3
31
3 areas of brain with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB. + the function/effect
1. area postrema (medulla) - vomiting after chemo (inputs into hypothalamus) 2. OVLT - osmotic sensing for hypothalamus 3. posterior pituitary - allows for ADH release into blood circulation
32
Hypothalamus nucleus/areas functions ``` lateral ventromedial anterior posterior suprachiasmatic nucleus paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ```
lateral - hunger. (if you zap your lateral hypothalamus, you shrink laterally) (affected by ghrelin AND leptin) ventromedial - satiety (stimulated by leptin) anterior - cooling, PNS posterior - heating, SNS suprachiasmatic nucleus - circadian rhythm paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei - ADH and oxytocin (carried by neurophysins down axons to pituitary)
33
brain pathway of circadian rhythm regulation
suprachiasmitic nucleus of hypothalamus -> release NE -> affect pineal gland -> release melatonin
34
what 3 things are associated w/ decreased REM sleep AND delta wave (stage 3) sleep? what about just decreased REM?
alcohol, benzos, barbiturates NE just REM decreased
35
what is 1st and 2nd line of tx for bedwetting?
1st is motivational therapy (star chart! lol) | 2nd is desmopressin (ADH analog)
36
drug for night terrors and sleepwalking
Benzos. b/c they decrease N3 delta wave sleep which is when that stuff happens
37
what stage of sleep does teeth grinding occur? what do you see on EEG during that stage?
stage 2 | sleep spindles and K complexes
38
awake/sleep stages and EEG: at night, BATS Drink Blood
Beta - awake and alert Alpha - awake but eyes closed Theta - stage 1. light sleep Sleep spindles and K complexes - stage 2, teeth grinding Delta - stage 3. night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting Beta - REM sleep
39
lateral geniculate nucleus ( of thalamus) is part of ____ pathway medial geniculate nucleus ______ where doe they project to
LGN = vision (goes to calcarine sulcus) MGN = hearing (goes to auditory cortex aka Heschl's gyrus in temporal lobe)
40
auditory pathway: C8 (kate)'s SON LLICT (licked) My Temple.
Cochlea -> CN 8 -> Superior Olive Nucleus (brainstem) -> Lateral Lemniscus -> Inferior Colliculus of Tectum (midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> superior gyrus of temporal lobe aka Heschl's gyrus aka auditory cortex
41
dopamine pathway where decreased activity leads to negative symptoms of anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity
Mesocortical pathway
42
lateral lesion of cerebellum results in ______
voluntary mvt of extremities. tend to fall on injured/ipsilateral side
43
medial lesion of cerebellum (vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei, flocculonodular lobe) results in ________
truncal ataxia (wide based gait), nystagmus, head tilting
44
how does cortex input into cerebellum? (like what structure)
middle cerebellar peduncle
45
inferior cerebellar peduncle relates what information
ipsilateral proprioception from spinal cord
46
basal ganglia: | striatum = ____ + ______
putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)
47
how does therapeutic hyperventilation decrease intracranial pressure?
it decreases PCO2 -> vasoconstiction -> decreased cerebral blood flow -> dec ICP
48
sx of increased ICP (headache, seizures, focal neuro deficits) elevated D-dimer can lead to venous hemorrhage -> bilateral parasaggital hemorrhagic infarcts dx/cause?
Dural venous thrombosis most commonly SSS
49
what does CSF flow thru to get from lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle?
foramina of MONROE
50
patient comes in. everything is too loud!
hyperacusis paralysis of stapedius innervated by facial nerve CN VII
51
which CN moniters carotid body and sinus chemo and baroreceptors? (2)
glossopharyngeal CN IX | vagus CNX
52
what CN for talking and cough reflex?
vagus CNX (NOT ix!)
53
lesion in this vagal nucleus results in unstable BP, tachycardia, loss of taste
nucleus solitarius note: u can also get tachycardia if dorsal motor nucleus is affected (inhibited) since that's PNS stuff
54
lesion in this vagal nucleus results in dysphagia, hoarse voice, hiccups, dysarthria
nucleus ambiguus in lateral medulla
55
what CN innervates lacrimal and salivary glands
facial CNVII
56
``` levels of the following reflexes: Biceps/brachioradialis Triceps Patellar Achilles ``` cremasteric anal wink
Biceps/brachioradialis - C5 Triceps - C7 Patellar - L4 Achilles - S1 cremasteric - L1-L2 anal wink - S3-S4
57
dermatome level of xiphoid process? | inguinal ligament?
T7 inguinal ligament is L1. (L1 is IL)
58
whats the big difference between PICA lesion (lateral medullary syndrome) and AICA lesion (lateral pontine syndrome) aka what does one have that the other doesnt?
PICA has nucleus ambiguus stuff. dysphagia, hoarse voice, dec gag reflex, hiccups AICA has facial nucleus stuff -> paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation and salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
59
findings in PCA lesions (2)
contralateral hemianopia (w/ or w/ut macular sparing) alexia w/out agraphia if dominant hemisphere
60
Tuberous Sclerosis - gene mutation? inheritance? | features: HAMARTOMAS
TSC1 mutation on chromosome 9 or TSC2 mutation on chromosome 16. (tumor suppressor genes). autosomal dominant. ``` Hamartomas in CNS and skin; Angiofibromas; Mitral regurgitation; Ash-leaf spots; cardiac Rhabdomyoma; (Tuberous sclerosis); autosomal dOminant; Mental retardation (intellectual disability); renal Angiomyolipoma; Seizures, Shagreen patches. ``` increased incidence of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and ungual fibromas.

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