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From Flashcardlet > Neuro 71: Olfactory, Taste, Hypothalmus > Flashcards

Neuro 71: Olfactory, Taste, Hypothalmus Flashcards

1
Q

Taste sensation goes from the tongue to where?

A

-the ipsilateral cortex

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2
Q

Where does the olfactory pathway transmit the sense of smell to?

A

-the cortex in the temporal lobe

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3
Q

What are the 5 homeostatic functions the Hypothalmus controls? & overall how is this done

A
  1. body temp
  2. water intake
  3. feeding
  4. circadian rhythms/daily activity
  5. sexual function
    * *does this via connections with the pit gland and by sending axons to the autonomic centers in the brainstem and spinal cord
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4
Q

What are the 1* sensory taste neurons? Where are their cell bodies located?

A
  • CN VII, IX, X

- cell bodies are in the inferior ganglia: geniculate, petrosal, nodose

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5
Q

Overall Taste pathway

A
  • CN VII, IX, or X –>inferior ganglion –> solitary tract –> solitary nucleus –> VPM –> cortex: post central gyrus or insula
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6
Q

Overall Olfaction pathway

A

-olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium –> 1* neurons (CN I) –> olfactory bulb –> second order olfactory neurons –> synapse at primary olfactory cortex

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7
Q

What is unique about the olfactory pathway compared to the other sensory pthwys?

A
  • it does NOT have a thalamic relay nucleus!

- could mean that this sense is more primitive

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8
Q

What is located close to the olfactory cortex and why is that significant?

A
  • located near the hypothalmus (visceral control-salivation), hippocampus (memory), and the amygdala (threat)
  • so odors can affect visceral function, memory, or emotion
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9
Q

Uncinate seizures

A

-siezures that arise near the uncus can often begin with illusions of odors

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10
Q

How does the hypothalmus monitor the conditions/status of the blood?

A

-through an area in the brain that lacks a bbb

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11
Q

Location of the hypothalmus and its borders?

A
  • at the base of the hemispheres
  • borders:
    1. midbrain
    2. thalamus
    3. 3rd ventricle
    4. optic chiasm
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12
Q

What 4 things does the hypothalmus have connections with?

A
  1. cortex - for emotions and visceral
  2. pituitary gland - for endocrine control
  3. brainstem - for access to the parasymp centers
  4. spinal cord - for access to the symp centers
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13
Q

Hypothalmus control of endocrine fctn

A

-axons in the periventricular nuclei (in the hypothalmus) release hypophysiotrophic hormones into the capillary bed that is in the infundibular stalk –> hormones travel down the hypophyseal portal vessels to the capillary bed in the anterior pit –> promote/inhibit the release of other hormones from the anterior pit

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14
Q

Pituitary: features

A
  • has an anterior and posterior lobe
  • highly vascularized
  • no BBB
  • very close to the optic chaism –> so tumors can cause visual probs!
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15
Q

Pituitary development

A
  • forms from 2 parts:
    1. extension of the diencephalon forms the posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis –> CNS
    2. outgrowth of the pharynx (rathke’s pouch) forms the anterior pituitary = adenopophysis –> gland
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16
Q

infandubular stalk

A

-the stalk that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalmus

17
Q

Hypothalmus control of water intake

A

-the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei will monitor the osmilality –> send axons to the posterior lobe –> release ADH and oxytocin near the capillaries –> cappillaries enter circulation

18
Q

ADH

A
  • increases reabsorption of water by the kidney

- vasoconstrictor too

19
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • causes contraction of the uterine smooth muscle during childbirth
  • also causes the contraction of mammary smooth m. for milks ejection
20
Q

SIADH

A
  • secretion of inappropriate amnts of ADH

- caused by some tumors or side effects of drugs (ex. carbamazepine)

21
Q

Diabetes insipidis

A
  • bilateral lesions in the posterior pituitary

- causes an inability to reabsorb water by the kidney b/c ADH is prevented from being secreted

22
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A
  • brain’s circadian clock
  • axons from the retina synapse here –> hypothalamic nucleus –> pituitary (to cause hromone secretion) or to the sympathetic NS (to the pineal to cause melatonin secretion)
  • electrical activity oscillates spontaneously in 24hr cycles
  • the physiologic and metabolic activities rise and fall daily
23
Q

Mammilary body

A
  • involved in memory via connections w/ the hippocampus

- bilateral lesions will effect the ability to make memories

24
Q

Hypothalamus effects on CVS

A

-cortex stimulates or suppresses the hypothalamus –> stimulates or suppresses the medulla’s CVS centers –> effects the parasymps and the symps

25
Q

Anterior nucleus and body temp

A
  • DECREASES body temp! (Air-conditioner)
  • decreases metabolism
  • vasodilates
  • causes sweating
  • bilateral lesion will cause overheating + shivering
26
Q

Posterior nucleus and body temp

A
  • INCREASES body temp!
  • increases metabolism
  • causes vasoconstriction & contraction of the erector pili
  • causes shivering
  • bilateral lesion will cause lowering of body temp + sweating
27
Q

Hypothalamus and glucose levels

A

-low glucose causes the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary to release ACTH –> release corisol –> release GH

28
Q

What are the 3 afferent components of controlling appetite?

A
  1. endocrine: signal from adipose tissue and gut –> to hypothalmus
  2. autonomic: sugnals from the gut –> vagus –> hypothalmus
  3. behavioral: psychosocial factors (cortical)
29
Q

What are 3 efferent components of controlling appetite?

A
  1. hormonal: changes in metabolism
  2. autonomic: sympathetic/parasymp activity to the gut
  3. somatic: motivational changes for eating
30
Q

Hypothalamus control of appetite

A

cortical, hormonal, and brainstem signals –> arcuate nucleus –> ventromedial nuc or lateral nuc
-controlled by a balance of the 2 nuclei

31
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A
  • DECREASES appetite = satiety center

- bilateral lesion would cause overeating/obesity

32
Q

Lateral nucleus

A
  • INCREASES appetite = hunger center

- bilateral lesion would cause anorexia/starvation

33
Q

2 examples of genetic feeding disorders?

A
  1. prader-willi
  2. angelman syndrome
    - result from defects in similar regions on chromosome 15 –> but produce different clinical defects
34
Q

Prader-willi syndrome

A
  • one of the top 10 common genetic defect
  • has loss of appetite control that can lead to obesity & diabetes –> probably b/c defect in ventromedial nuc
  • pt also has: stunted growth, delayed sex dev, psychiatric probs (OCD), hypotonia

From Flashcardlet (79 decks)

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