Neuro Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
list 3 factors that make the condition seen in the image have a poor prognosis
A
infiltrate
unresectable
resistant to treatment
2
Q
the condition seen in the image originates from ____
A
the condition seen in the image originates from glial cells/astrocytes
3
Q
describe the presentation of CJD vs. variant CJD
A
CJD = rapidly progressive dementia & myoclonus
variant CJD = slower onset, more personality changes
4
Q
Huntington’s disease displays genetic ____ which means that an increased number of repeats indicates ____
A
Huntington’s disease displays genetic anticipation which means that an increased number of repeats indicates an earlier onset in successive generations
5
Q
list the 5 conditions where ring-enhancing lesions are seen on CT scan
A
GMALT
G = gliobastoma multiforme
M = metastasis
A = abscess
L = lymphoma
T = Toxoplasmosis
6
Q
____ causes aggressive encephalitis in immunocompromised hosts and causes asymmetric involve of ___ lobes
A
Herpes virus causes aggressive encephalitis in immunocompromised hosts and causes asymmetric involve of temporal lobes
7
Q
a complication of the condition seen in the image is ____
A
a complication of the condition seen in the image is uncal herniation
8
Q
describe the appearance of the brain seen in the condition in the image:
early stroke: ____
old stroke: ____
A
early stroke: red infarct
old stroke: gliosis, scarring
9
Q
there is a ____ appearance on gross in the condition seen in the image
A
there is a butterfly appearance on gross in the condition seen in the image
10
Q
in the communicating form of the condition seen in the image, there is dilation of ___
A
in the communicating form of the condition seen in the image, there is dilation of ALL ventricles
11
Q
describe the symptoms of the condition seen in the image when it occurs in the most common location
A
basal ganglia = contralateral hemiparesis + sensory loss
12
Q
viral encephalitis is characterized by:
perivascular ___ infiltrate
individual ___ necrosis
focal collections of ____
A
viral encephalitis is characterized by:
perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate
individual neuronal necrosis
focal collections of microglia
13
Q
rupture of the condition seen in the image can lead to _____
A
rupture of the condition seen in the image can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage
14
Q
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
A
cerebellar signs = ataxia, slurred speech, intention tremor, nystagmus + 3 Ds (dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria)
15
Q
how does the lumbar puncture results differ in the condition seen in the image vs. meningitis
A
brain abscess = NORMAL glucose
meningitis = LOW glucose
16
Q
“young Caucasian female in temperate climate……recurrent UTIs”
explain
A
MS → bladder affected → stasis of urine → UTIs
17
Q
the condition seen in the image causes an increase in ____ with which 4 signs?
A
the condition seen in the image causes an increase in ICP with:
- headaches
- projectile vomiting
- blurry vision
- papilledema
18
Q
the key to detection of concussion is ____
A
the key to detection of concussion is baseline data
19
Q
the condition in the image is associated with ____
A
the condition in the image is associated with NF2 (vestibuloschwannoma + meningioma)
20
Q
describe how a complication of the condition seen in the image is lobar hemorrhages
A
cerebral amyloid angiopathy = deposition of amyloid in the walls of cerebral vessels
21
Q
describe diffuse axonal injury
A
- rotational acceleration
- shearing of axons as they are stretched beyond elastic point w/ rotational force
- low level of consciousness immediately
22
Q
Wernicke-Korsakoff is seen in ___ patients due to ___ deficiency
A
Wernicke-Korsakoff is seen in chronic alcoholic patients due to thiamine (B1) deficiency
23
Q
patients with Parkinson’s disease have an increased risk for developing ____
A
patients with Parkinson’s disease have an increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease
24
Q
Huntington’s disease is caused by atrophy of ____
A
Huntington’s disease is caused by atrophy of caudate & putamen
25
ALS is characterized by neuronal loss in \_\_\_\_\_
ALS is characterized by neuronal loss in **spinal cord anterior horns (motor cortex)**
26
HLA-\_\_\_ and HLA-\_\_\_ are associated with the condition seen in the image, which leads to antibodies destroying \_\_\_\_
**HLA-DR2** and **HLA-DR15** are associated with the condition seen in the image which leads to antibodies destroying **oligodendrocytes**
27
the most common cause of hypoglycemia encephalopathy is \_\_\_\_
the most common cause of hypoglycemia encephalopathy is **excessive exogenous insulin**
28
the condition in the image has a better prognosis if there is a mutation is in ____ or \_\_\_\_
the condition in the image has a better prognosis if there is a mutation is in **IDH-1** or **IDH-2**
29
the condition seen in the image causes the "\_\_\_\_" because blood \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image causes the "**the worst headache of their life**" because blood **irritates leptomeninges and mimics meningitis (nuchal rigidity, photophobia, LOC, seizures)**
30
the condition seen in the image is caused by rupture of ____ where the blood collects between ____ & \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is caused by rupture of **middle meningeal artery** → blood collects in epidural space between **dura & calvarium**
31
describe what is seen in lumbar puncture in the condition seen in the image
**increased protein and neutrophils**
**NORMAL glucose** (infection NOT in CSF, unlike in meningitis)
32
in the condition seen in the image, \<24 hours is considered ____ while \>24 hours is considered \_\_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, \<24 hours is considered **TIA** while \>24 hours is considered **stroke (permanent neurological deficit)**
33
explain how the condition seen in the image is also seen in babies
**shaken baby syndrome →** rupture d/t thin walls of veins
34
the presentation of condition seen in the image in children is increased ____ because \_\_\_\_
the presentation of condition seen in the image in children is increased **head circumference** because **skull bones (fontanelles & sutures) have not fused yet**
35
the condition seen in the image arises from \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image arises from **the vermis of the cerebellum**
36
the most common location for the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the most common location for the condition seen in the image is **the basal ganglia**
37
what is spared in ALS?
intellect, sensation, sphincter control & eye movements
38
list the 3 conditions associated with the condition seen in the image
**Berry aneurysm seen in _Marfans, Ehlers Danlos and ADPKD_**
39
in the condition seen in the image, ____ is seen after \>48 hours
in the condition seen in the image, **microglia → liquefactive necrosis** is seen after \>48 hours
40
on CT scan of the condition seen in the image, there is flattening of ___ with enlarged \_\_\_\_
on CT scan of the condition seen in the image, there is **flattening of sulci & gyri** with **enlarged ventricles**
41
the communicating form of the condition seen in the image can due to scarring/fibrosis of ____ or \_\_\_\_
the communicating form of the condition seen in the image can due to scarring or fibrosis of **the arachnoid villi d/t tumors or infxns (TB, meningitis)** or **subarachnoid hemorrhage**
42
the communicating form of the condition seen in the image is caused by reduced \_\_\_\_, such as in \_\_\_\_
the communicating form of the condition seen in the image is caused by **reduced** **CSF resorption**, such as in **arachnoid fibrosis**
43
the condition seen in the image is caused by a lateral blow to \_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is caused by a lateral blow to **temporal side of head**
44
describe the etiology of a pale/bland infarct in the condition seen in the image
thrombotic/ischemic stroke:
HTN → atherosclerosis → unstable plaque → thrombosis → **bland infarct**
45
histology of the condition seen in the image would show a central ____ surrounded by \_\_\_\_
histology of the condition seen in the image would show a **central area of necrosis** surrounded by **pseudo-palisading of the malignant cells**
46
in the condition seen in the image, ____ is seen after 2 weeks
in the condition seen in the image, **astrocytes → gliosis** is seen after 2 weeks
47
the most common cause of viral encephalitis worldwide is \_\_\_\_
the most common cause of viral encephalitis worldwide is **HIV-E**
48
list the **2 fungi** that cause the **meningeal** form of meningitis
* **Cryptococcosis** = soap bubble abscesses
* **Candida** = microabscesses
49
describe the etiology of a red infarct in the condition seen in the image
embolic stroke
atrial fibrillation + mural thrombus in left heart → legs (DVT) or BRAIN (red infarct)
50
describe coup vs. contrecoup contusions
* coup: contusion on SAME SIDE as impact
* contrecoup: contusion on OPPOSITE side of impact
* due to acceleration of head
51
Parkinson's disease is caused by atrophy of ___ (which contains the nucleus of \_\_\_\_) with a presence of ___ later
Parkinson's disease is caused by atrophy of **substantia nigra** (which contains the nucleus of **dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain**) with a presence of **Lewy bodies** in the atrophied neurons
52
list the **2 fungi** that cause the **vasoinvasive** form of meningitis
* Aspergillus
* Mucormycosis
53
in AIDS patients, there can be reactivation of ____ which leads to \_\_\_\_
in AIDS patients, there can be reactivation of **JC virus (polyomavirus)** which leads to **progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)**
54
the condition seen in the image can be caused by long-standing _____ causing ____ which leads to _____ aneurysm
the condition seen in the image can be caused by long-standing **benign HTN** causing **hyaline arteriosclerosis** which leads to **Charcot Bouchard** **aneurysm**
55
in the condition seen in the image, there is destruction of the MLF; what can this cause?
ipsilateral eye cannot adduct while contralateral eye undergoes nystagmus
56
the condition seen in the image is mainly seen in (children or adults?)
the condition seen in the image is mainly seen in **children**
57
cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a disease in which the same amyloidogenic peptides seen in ____ accumulate in the walls of ____ and can lead to the condition seen in the image
cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a disease in which the same amyloidogenic peptides seen in **Alzheimer's** accumulate in the walls of **medium and small caliber meningeal and cortical vessels** and can lead to the condition seen in the image
58
on CT of the condition seen in the image, there is a ____ shaped hematoma
on CT of the condition seen in the image, there is a **biconvex lens** **shaped** hematoma
59
list factors that lead to a good prognosis of the condition seen in the image
younger
(-) EGFR
(+) IDH-1, IDH-2
(+) p53
(+) MGMT methylation
60
list the risk factors for pseudotumor cerebri
**female gender**
**obesity**
**vit****.****A excess**
**tetracyclin**
**danazol**
61
list risk factors for the condition seen in the image
* smoking
* low vit. D
* EBV
* maternal history
* moving to endemic area before puberty
62
describe the 4 types of vascular malformations that can lead to the condition seen in the image
* arterio-venous malformation = greatest potential for hemorrhage
* cavernous hemangiomas
* capillary telangiectasias
* venous angiomas
63
histology of the condition seen in the image would show abundant ____ containing \_\_\_\_
histology of the condition seen in the image would show abundant **macrophages** containing **PAS-positive debris**
64
the non-communicating form of the condition seen in the image occurs between ____ & ____ or between ____ & \_\_\_\_\_
the non-communicating form of the condition seen in the image occurs between **lateral** & **3rd ventricle** or between **3rd** & **4th ventricle**
65
where do ALS symptoms first begin?
usually begins with subtle **asymmetric distal extremity weakness**
66
on histology of the condition seen in the image, ____ proteins accumulate intracellularly, while ____ accumulate extracellularly
on histology of the condition seen in the image, **Tau proteins (neurofibrillary tangles)** accumulate intracellularly, while **A-B amyloid plaque** accumulate extracellularly
67
Parkinson's disease can be caused by a mutation in \_\_\_\_
Parkinson's disease can be caused by a mutation in **the synnuclein gene** (synuclein is a component of Lewy bodies)
68
which 2 mutations are associated with ALS?
**Chr. 9 hexanucleotide repeat**
**SOD**
69
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
sudden onset
recurrent headaches that are worse in the mornings & while straining
seizures
papilledema
contralateral hemiparesis
70
name the 2 most common causes of the condition seen in the image in **adults**
* S. pneumoniae
* Listeria
71
the pathogenesis of the condition seen in the image arises from defective ___ of \_\_\_\_
the pathogenesis of the condition seen in the image arises from **defective cleavage** of **transmembrane cellular proteins**
72
oligodendroglioma has a better prognosis if it there is a ____ or ____ deletion
oligodendroglioma has a better prognosis if it there is a **1p** and/or **19q** deletion
73
in pseudotumor cerebri, ____ reveals ____ and provides headache relief
in pseudotumor cerebri, **lumbar puncture** reveals **opening pressure** and provides headache relief
74
the early onset form of condition seen in the image is caused by ___ located on chr. ___ and ____ located on chr. \_\_\_\_
the early onset form of condition seen in the image is caused by **APP** located on chr. **21** and **Presenilin (which codes for gamma-secretase)** located on chr. **1 & 14**
75
the normal pressure form of the condition seen in the image is characterized by the triad of:
**wet = urinary incontinence**
**wacky = dementia**
**wobbly = ataxia**
76
describe what is seen on lumbar puncture in the condition seen in the image
**oligoclonal bands of IgG in the CSF**
77
HIV infects ___ cells and ____ leading to patchy loss of \_\_\_\_
HIV infects **microglial cells** and **macrophages** leading to patchy loss of **myelin**
78
in the condition seen in the image, ____ is seen during 12-24 hours
in the condition seen in the image, **coagulative necrosis** is seen during 12-24 hours
79
describe what is seen on MRI in the condition seen in the image
**periventricular demyelination of white matter**
80
in prion diseases, there is accumulation of altered form of prion protein which leads to ____ death, \_\_\_\_, accumulation of \_\_\_\_, and vacuolization of \_\_\_
in prion diseases, there is accumulation of altered form of prion protein which leads to **neuronal** death, **gliosis,** accumulation of **extracellular amyloid (kuru plaques)** and vacuolization of **grey matter**
81
the etiology of an oligodendroglioma is loss of heterozygosity for chr. ___ & \_\_\_
the etiology of an oligodendroglioma is loss of heterozygosity for **chr. 1 & 19**
82
"patient had viral infection and now presents with rapidly progressive neurologic symptoms and altered mental status"
dx?
83
name the 3 most common causes of the condition seen in the image in **neonates**
* E. coli
* Group B Strep. (S. agalactiae)
* Listeria
84
the late onset form of the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in ___ located on chr. \_\_\_\_
the late onset form of the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in **APO-E** located on chr. **19**
**homozygous APOE4 = greatest risk**
APOE2 = decreased risk
85
the most commonly affected vessel in the condition seen in the image is the \_\_\_\_
the most commonly affected vessel in the condition seen in the image is the **middle cerebral artery**
86
describe a complication of the condition seen in the image
rupture into ventricles → ventriculitis → obstruction of ventricles → **hydrocephalus**
87
\_\_\_\_\_ is increased ICP with no apparent cause on imaging
**psuedotumor cerebri** is increased ICP with no apparent cause on imaging
88
describe the 2 etiologies of the condition seen in the image
* _hematogenous_
* usually d/t **sepsis** or **septic emboli from left-sided endocarditis**
* _contigual__/direct spread_ = more common
* sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis media, dental infxns
89
describe the histology of the condition seen in the image
**Homer-Wright rosettes (pseudorosettes)** with **small round blue cells**
90
list the 2 complications of the condition seen in the image
**-ischemic stroke from cerebral vasospasms**
**-communicating hydrocephalus**
91
a complication of the condition seen in the image is ___ which is a triad of symptoms indicating an impending \_\_\_\_
a complication of the condition seen in the image is **Cushing's reflex** which is a triad of symptoms indicating an impending **herniation**
- elevated systolic pressure (wide pulse pressure)
- bradycardia
- irregular respirations
92
the condition seen in the image is a \_\_\_-shaped tumor of meningothelial cells of the ____ that attaches to \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is a **dome**-shaped tumor of meningothelial cells of the **arachnoid** that attaches to **the underside of the dura**
93
what is the most common cause of death in ALS?
when the disease involves the resp. muscles, there are **recurrent bouts of** **pulm****. infection** which is the usual cause of death
94
describe CSF levels in the condition seen in the image
**increased WBCs** and **protein**
**decreased glucose** (bacteria are using it)
95
Huntington's disease is caused by ___ repeats that interfere with \_\_\_\_
Huntington's disease is caused by **CAG** repeats that interfere with **nucleic acid or protein regulations**
96
\_\_\_\_ is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image
**GFAP** is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image
97
name the 2 most common causes of the condition seen in the image in **adolescents**
* N. meningitides
* S. pneumoniae
98
name the 3 most common causes of the condition seen in the image in **children**
* S. pneumoniae
* Neisseria
* H. influenzae
99
central pontine myelinolysis massive axonal ____ in ____ white matter secondary to \_\_\_\_
central pontine myelinolysis massive axonal **demyelination** in **pontine white matter** secondary to **osmotic changes, as seen in rapid correction of hyponatremia**
100
the condition seen in the image is caused by rupture of \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is caused by rupture of **bridging veins (low press so gradual onset)**
101
CT scan of the condition seen in the image would show \_\_\_\_
CT scan of the condition seen in the image would show **ring-enhancing lesions**
102
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
**slowly progressive dementia** (impaired cognition) but motor & sensory intact
**start with short-term memory loss** (temporal) → paralysis & bed-ridden (frontal & parietal)
103
oligodendroglioma has a ____ appearance
oligodendroglioma has a **fried-egg** appearance
104
describe the presentation of Wernicke-Korsakoff
"Wernicke problems come in a CAN'O beer"
C = confusion
A = ataxia
N = nystagmus
O = ophthalmoplegia
105
$$ "pt has spiking fever and recent confusion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions. what lead to this condition?"
**otitis media** (patient has brain abscess)
## Footnote
**direct spread is most common**
106
the condition seen in the image is characterized by a collection of infection in ____ with ____ necrosis w/ \_\_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is characterized by a collection of infection in **the parenchyma** with **liquefactive necrosis** w/ **PMNs & cellular debris**
107
\_\_\_ is the most commonly affected nerve, which can lead to:
**CN II** is the most commonly affected nerve, which can lead to **optic neuritis → pain on eye movement, blurred vision and diplopia**
108
presentation of the condition seen in the image is recurrent ____ that is worse in the ____ and while \_\_\_\_
presentation of the condition seen in the image is recurrent **headaches** that is worse in the **mornings** and while **straining**
109
\_\_\_\_ is the most common location of the non-communicating form of the condition seen in the image
**foramen of Monro** is the most common location of the non-communicating form of the condition seen in the image
110
Parkinson's disease can be caused by ____ abuse
Parkinson's disease can be caused by **cocaine** abuse
111
\_\_\_\_\_ is a disease in which the same amyloidogenic peptides seen in Alzheimer's accumulate in the walls of medium and small caliber meningeal and cortical vessels and can lead to the condition seen in the image
**cerebral amyloid angiopathy** is a disease in which the same amyloidogenic peptides seen in Alzheimer's accumulate in the walls of medium and small caliber meningeal and cortical vessels and can lead to the condition seen in the image
112
\_\_\_\_ is the most common primary CNS tumor in childhood
**pilocytic astrocytoma** is the most common primary CNS tumor in childhood
113
on CT in the condition seen in the image, there is **\_\_\_** with a **\_\_\_\_** because \_\_\_\_
**crescent hematoma** with a **midline shift** because **it is closer to the brain**
114
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by destruction of \_\_\_\_
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by destruction of **mamillary bodies**
115
a complication of the condition seen in the image is:
\_\_\_ hernation through ___ causing \_\_\_\_
or
\_\_\_ hernation causing \_\_\_\_
a complication of the condition seen in the image is:
**tonsillar** herniation through **foramen magnum** causing **immediate death**
or
**trans-tentorial/uncal** herniation causing **ipsilateral pupillary dilation due to compression of CN III**
116
in the condition seen in the image, there is exudate covering ____ & engorgement of \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, there is exudate covering **the leptomeninges** & engorgement of **meningeal vessels**
117
the ___ type of the condition seen in the image is the most common and contains ___ bodies
the **papillary** type of the condition seen in the image is the most common and contains **psammoma** bodies
118
the presentation of condition seen in the image in adults is increased \_\_\_\_
name 4 symptoms associated with this
the presentation of condition seen in the image in adults is increased **ICP**
- projectile vomiting
- blurry vision
- headaches
- papilledema
119
CJD is ___ while variant CJD is associated with \_\_\_\_\_
CJD is **sporadic** while variant CJD is associated with **bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) meat consumption**
120
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
spiking fever, confusion, projectile vomiting, focal neurological deficits
121
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
lose consciousness → lucid interval → death
increase in ICP → headaches, projectile vomiting, blurry vision, papilledema
122
pilocytic astrocytoma is a (well-differentiated or poorly-differentiated?) tumor in the ___ & \_\_\_\_
pilocytic astrocytoma is a **well-differentiated** tumor in the **cerebellum** & **hypothalamus**
123
in the condition seen in the image, there is a ___ pattern of cell growth with \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, there is a **whorled** pattern of cell growth with **psammoma bodies**
124
describe the 2 cytoplasmic inclusions seen in ALS
**ubiquitin** (deposited in response to cell injury)
**TDP-43, FUS** (DNA/RNA binding/stabilizing proteins)
125
describe the presentation of Parkinson's disease
**tremor**
**rigidity**
**akinesia**
**shuffling gait**
126
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is **aspiration pneumonia**
127
a predisposition for concussions is the ____ genotype
a predisposition for concussions is the **APO-E** genotype
128
describe the 2 types of infarcts that HTN can lead to the condition seen in the image
* **slit hemorrhages**
* hemorrhages thought to be secondary to microaneurysm rupture (Charcot Bouchard aneurysm)
* **lacunar infarcts**
* bland infarcts, thought to be secondary to thrombosis of a vessel w/ arteriosclerotic changes
129
the condition seen in the image is a malignant tumor and spreads via \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is a malignant tumor and **spreads via** **CSF**
130
the condition seen in the image has a better prognosis if there is _____ expression
the condition seen in the image has a better prognosis if there is **beta-catenin** expression
131
the condition seen in the image is caused by immune-mediated patchy loss of \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is caused by immune-mediated patchy loss of **myelin in grey and white matter**
132
the ex vacuo form of the condition seen in the image causes dilation of ____ due to ____ and causes a compensatory \_\_\_\_
the ex vacuo form of the condition seen in the image causes dilation of **all ventricles** due to **cerebral atrophy** and causes a compensatory **increase in CSF**
- Alzheimer's
- senile atrophy
- Niemann Pick
133
the origin of the condition seen in the image is ___ cells
the origin of the condition seen in the image is **arachnoid** cells
134
a complication of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_
a complication of the condition seen in the image is **uncal herniation**
135
investigations for the condition seen in the image includes seeing blood in ___ and after 12 hours, seeing ____ which is also called \_\_\_\_
investigations for the condition seen in the image includes seeing **blood in CSF** and after 12 hours, seeing **bile in the CSF** which is also called **xanthochromia**
136
the pseudotumor cerebri form of the condition seen in the image is characterized by:
**headache and vision loss**
