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Mace Neuro Review > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A

Non-excitable

support and protect neurons

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2
Q

Excitability

A

Responsive to stimulation, binding of molecules, neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Conductivity

A

Electrical charges propagated along membrane

Local/short-lived or self-propagating

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4
Q

Secretion

A
  1. Release neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses
  2. A given neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter with excitatory or inhibitory effect on target (1 neurotransmitter per nerve impulse)
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5
Q

Extreme longevity

A

Most formed before birth/still present in advanced age

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6
Q

Amitotic

A

Mitotic activity lost in most neurons

-Hippocampus is exception

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7
Q

Cell body

A

(Soma) - nucleus and other organelles

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8
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive signals from other neurons
  • conduct signal towards soma
  • branched
  • not covered by myelin sheath
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9
Q

Epineurium

A

Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue, encloses the entire nerve, provides support and protection

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10
Q

Perineurium

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue, wraps bundles of axons (fascicles) supports blood vessels – hold them to fascicles

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11
Q

Endoneurium

A

Delicate layer of areolar connective tissue, separates and electrically insulates each axon, has capillaries that supply the axon

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • The most abundant glial cells in CNS
  • Cell processes touch capillary walls and neurons
  • Help form blood-brain barrier that regulates passage of substances into brain
  • Regulate tissue fluid composition
  • Form structural network
  • Assist neuronal development
  • Occupy the space of dying neurons (become larger)
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13
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • In CNS, line the ventricles of brain (inside) and central canal of spinal cord, these internal cavities are filled with CSF
  • These cells and nearby blood vessels together form choroid plexus, which produces CSF
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14
Q

Microglia

A
  • Phagocytes that engulf/destroy microorganisms & cell debris; located in CNS
  • The least abundant glial cells
  • Hope that we do not need these
  • When there is damage = more abundant
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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Form myelin sheath in CNS
  • Contain slender processes which wrap around portions of many different neurons
  • Individual
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16
Q

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

Flattened cells wrap around axons to form myelin sheath in PNS

17
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • Flattened cells around somas in a ganglion

- Regulate exchange of nutrients and wastes b/w neurons and their environment

18
Q

Myelin

A
  1. composed of neuroglia
  2. it covers
  3. insulates the axon
  4. increases the speed of nerve impulses
  5. protects
19
Q

Myelin Formation?

A
  • Formed by glial cells (Schwann cells in the PNS, oligodendrocytes in the CNS) wrapping around the axons.
  • Myelin is not part of, nor produced by, the nerve cell whose axon it envelops.
20
Q

Graded potentials

A

Also known as local potential - which signal over short distance

Result From:

  • The permeability of neuron membrane (determined by ligand-gated K+ and Na+ channels)
  • The difference in concentration of K+ and Na+ b/w intracellular and extracellular fluid
21
Q

Action potentials

A

Long distance signals

Result From:

  • The permeability of resting neuron membrane (determined by voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels)
  • The difference in concentration of K+ and Na+ b/w intracellular and extracellular fluid

-Self propagating and continues at constant velocity (called a nerve impulse) - serves as a signal to communicate

22
Q

Depolarization

A

Is the reduction in membrane potential, the inside of the membrane becomes less negative, e.g., from -70 mV to -65 mV

-Increases the probability of
producing nerve impulses

23
Q

Repolarization

A

Is the increase of in membrane potential, the inside of the membrane becomes more negative, e,g., -65 mV to -70 mV

24
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Is the increase of membrane potential above RMP(the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than resting potential),
e,g., -70 mV to -75 mV

-Reduces the probability of
producing nerve impulses

25
Q

Characteristics of action potential:

A
  1. Produced by voltage-regulated channels
  2. Always begins with depolarization
  3. All or none (does not occur at all, or exhibits the same peak voltage regardless of stimulus strength)
  4. Irreversible
  5. Self-propagating
  6. Non-decremental – also goes to same peak voltage
26
Q

Axon

A
  • Conducts signal away from soma
  • Longer than dendrites
  • The first part is axon hillock where axon emerges from soma, and where the action potential summates
27
Q

Axon Structure

A
  • Axoplasma - inside
  • Axolemma - outside
  • Each neuron has one axon, divided into many braches, each branch is called a telodendrion or axon terminal

-Each telodendrion ends in a synaptic knob, which forms a synapse with another neuron or cell of the target organ

28
Q

Multipolar neurons

A
  • Many processes extend from soma, one is axon, the others are dendrites
  • The most abundant neuron in body
  • Interneurons (CNS), motor neurons
29
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

-One axon, one dendrite
-Two processes extend from soma:
axon
dendrites

-Rare, found in some special sensory organs (specific):
olfactory cells
neurons of retina
sensory neurons of inner ear

30
Q

Unipolar neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Single, short neuron process extends directly from soma
  • Axon includes peripheral process (dendrites to cell body) and central process (cell body into CNS)
  • Sensory neurons with soma located in ganglia
  • Placed where they are protected (very close to spinal cord – dorsal/posterior root ganglion)
31
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

-Transmit the signals to CNS, -Some can detect stimuli (e.g., light, heat, pressure, chemicals) as well as transmit the signals to CNS
their somas are located outside the CNS in posterior root ganglia, their axons synapse with the interneurons in CNS
-Most are unipolar neurons
a few are bipolar neurons (in olfactory epithelium and retina)

Mace Neuro Review (2 decks)

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