Neuro - Anat & Phys

Question 1

Supraoptic nucleus makes ?

Answer 1

ADH

Question 2

Supraoptic nucleus is within what structure?

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

Paraventricular nucleus makes ?

Answer 3

oxytocin

Question 4

Paraventricular nucleus is within what structure?

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

Specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no blood-brain barrier:

Answer 5

area postrema - vomiting

OVLT (organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis) - senses change in osmolarity

Question 6

Lateral area of hypothalamus: function?

Answer 6

Hunger
Destruction –> anorexia, failure to thrive
Inihibited by Leptin

Question 7

Ventromedial area of Hypothalamus: function?

Answer 7

Satiety
Destruction (craniopharyngioma) –> hyperphagia
Stimulated by Leptin

Question 8

Anterior hypothalamus: fx?

Answer 8

cooling, parasympathetics

A/C = anterior/cooling

Question 9

Posterior hypothalamus: fx?

Answer 9

heating, sympathetics

Question 10

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: fx?

Answer 10

circadian rhythm
“You need sleep to be charismatic”
Releases NE, stimulates pineal gland, which releases melatonin

Question 11

Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of what hormones?

Answer 11

ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, norepinephrine

Question 12

Extraocular eye movements during REM sleep are due to activity of what?

Answer 12

PPRF: (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)

Question 13

What drugs are associated with decreased REM sleep and delta wave sleep?

Answer 13

Alcohol, barbituates, benzos

Question 14

Treat bedwetting (sleep enuresis) with what?

Answer 14

Oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

Question 15

Awake (eyes open): EEG waveform?

Answer 15

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

Question 16

Awake (eyes closed): EEG waveform?

Answer 16

Alpha

Question 17

Non-REM sleep: Stage N1: EEG waveform?

Answer 17

Light sleep

Theta waves

Question 18

Non-REM sleep: Stage N2: EEG waveform?

Answer 18

Deeper sleep; when bruxism occurs

Sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 19

Non-REM sleep: Stage N3: EEG waveform?

Answer 19

Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); when sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occurs
Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)

Question 20

REM sleep: EEG waveform and description?

Answer 20

Loss of motor tone, increased O2 use, increased variable pulse and BP; when dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur; may serve a memory processing fx
Beta waves

Question 21

Thalamus is the major relay for all ascending sensory info except what?

Answer 21

olfaction

Question 22

Thalamic Nuclei:

Answer 22

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN, VL

Question 23

Inputs into VPL:

Answer 23

spintothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

Question 24

VPL info:

Answer 24

pain and temp (from spinothalamic tract)
crude touch (from spinothalamic tract)
pressure, fine touch, vibration, and proprioception (from DCML)

Question 25

VPL destination:

Answer 25

Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)

Question 26

Inputs into VPM:

Answer 26

Trigeminal (from chief sensory nucleus) and gustatory pathway (from solitary tract)

Question 27

VPM info:

Answer 27

Face sensation and taste

Question 28

VPM destination:

Answer 28

Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)

Question 29

VPM mnemonic:

Answer 29

Makeup goes on the face (VPM)

Question 30

Inputs into LGN:

Answer 30

CN II

Question 31

LGN info:

Answer 31

vision

Question 32

LGN destination:

Answer 32

calcarine suclus (occipital lobe)

Question 33

LGN mnemonic:

Answer 33

Lateral = Light

Question 34

Input into MGN:

Answer 34

Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

Question 35

MGN info:

Answer 35

hearing

Question 36

MGN destination:

Answer 36

auditory cortex in temporal lobe

Question 37

MGN mnemonic:

Answer 37

Medial = Music

Question 38

Input into VL:

Answer 38

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 39

VL info:

Answer 39

motor

Question 40

VL destination:

Answer 40

motor cortex

Question 41

Limbic System 5 F's:

Answer 41

Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex

Question 42

Limbic System Structures:

Answer 42

hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mamillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus

Question 43

Inputs to Cerebellum:

Answer 43

Contralateral cortex via Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Ipsilateral proprioceptive info via Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle from spinal cord input nerves = climbing and mossy fibers

Question 44

Output from Cerebellum:

Answer 44

Sends info to contralateral cortex to modulate movement. | Output nerves = Purkinje cells --> deep nuclei of cerebellum --> contralateral cortex via Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Question 45

Deep nuclei of Cerebellum (lateral to medial):

Answer 45

Don't Eat Greasy Food | Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial

Question 46

Lateral cerebellar lesions:

Answer 46

propensity to fall toward injured side (ipsilateral)

Question 47

Medial cerebellar lesions:

Answer 47

truncal ataxia, nystagmus, and head tilting wide-based (cerebellar gait) and deficits in truncal coordination Generally, midline lesions result in bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature

Question 48

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome: (central Pontine myelonlysis)

Answer 48

Massive demyelination in pontine white matter secondary to osmotic changes. Commonly iatrogenic, caused by overly rapid correction of HYPOnatremia "From LOW to HIGH, your pons will die"

Question 49

Cerebral Edema/ herniation:

Answer 49

Correcting HYPERnatremia too quickly results in cerebral edema/herniation. "from HIGH to LOW, your brain will blow"

Question 50

Striatum =

Answer 50

putamen (motor) + caudate (cognitive)

Question 51

Lentiform =

Answer 51

putamen + globus pallidus

Question 52

Basal Ganglia: Direct/Excitatory pathway:

Answer 52

cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, stimulating release of GABA, which DISINHIBITS the thalamus via GPi/SNr (increases motion)

Question 53

Basal Ganglia: Indirect/Inhibitory pathway

Answer 53

cortical inputs stimulate the striatum, which disinhibits STN via GPe, and STN stimulates GPi/SNr to inhibit the thalamus (decrease motion)

Question 54

Parkinson Disease associated with what microscopic finding:

Answer 54

Lewy bodies (composed of alpha-synuclein - intracellular eosinophilic inclusion)

Question 55

Parkinson TRAPS your body:

Answer 55

``` Tremor (at rest, pill-rolling tremor) cogwheel Rigidity Akinesia (or bradykinesia) Postural instability Shuffling gait ```

Question 56

Huntington Disease pathology:

Answer 56

Decreased levels of GABA and ACh in the brain. (Caudate loses ACh and GABA --> CAG repeats) Neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity Atrophy of caudate nuclei and ex vacuo dilatation of frontal horns

Question 57

Huntington Disease S/S:

Answer 57

choreiform movements, aggression, depression, and dementia