Neuro block 4 Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
List the 7 places the thalamus gets input from
A
- cerebral cortex
- hypothalamus
- brain stem
- spinal cord
- basal ganglia
- sensory input
- cerebellum
2
Q
where is the hypothalamus compared to thalamus
A
hypothalamus is in front of the thalamus
3
Q
what are the five divisions of the diencephalon
A
- epithalamus
- dorsal thalamus
- ventral thalamus
- subthalamus
- hypothalamus
4
Q
what are the components of the epithalamus
A
- habenular nuclear complex
- pineal gland
- posterior commissure
5
Q
what is the function of the habenula
A
involved in limbic pathway
6
Q
what is the function of the posterior commissure
A
links pretectal and other nuclei of the two sides
7
Q
what is the internal medullary lamina
A
a band of myelinated fibers that subdivide the thalamus nuclei into anterior, lateral, and medial nuclear groups
8
Q
the reticular nucleus is part of what diencephalon component. Where is it found?
A
ventral thalamus. Found between the external medullary lamina and the internal capsule
9
Q
what relays all sensory information (except smell) to the cortex
A
thalamus (dorsal)
10
Q
what are the four groups of nuclei that the thalamus is divided into?
A
anterior, lateral-ventral tier, lateral-dorsal tier and medial groups
11
Q
the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent: mammillary body
efferent - cingulate gyrus
function - limbic
12
Q
the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent: globus pallidus
efferent - premotor cortex (area 6)
function - motor
13
Q
the ventral-lateral nucleus of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent - dendate nucleus of cerebellum
efferent - motor and premotor (areas 4 and 6)
function - motor
14
Q
the ventral posterior lateral group of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent - dorsal column- medial lemniscus and spinothalamic efferent - somatosensory cortex (areas 3,1,2) function - somatic sensation - body
15
Q
the ventral posterior medial group of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent - sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve
efferent - somatosensory cortex (areas 3,1,2)
function - somatic sensation - face
16
Q
the lateral geniculate group of the laterial-ventral tier of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent - retinal ganglion cells
efferent - primary visual cortex (area 17)
function - vision
17
Q
the medial geniculate group of the lateral-ventral tier of the thalamus has what efferent/afferent and function
A
afferent - inferior colliculus
efferent - primary auditory cortex (areas 41, 42)
function - audition
18
Q
what areas are the somatosensory cortex
A
3,1,2
19
Q
what area is the premotor cortex
A
6
20
Q
what area is the motor corex
A
4
21
Q
what area is the primary visual cortex
A
17
22
Q
what area is the primary auditory cortex
A
41,42
23
Q
what is the efferent/afferent and function of the lateral dorsal group of the thalamus
A
afferent - cingulate gyrus
efferent - cingulate gyrus
function - emotional expression
24
Q
what is the afferent/efferent and function of the lateral posterior group of the thalamus
A
afferent - parietal cortex
efferent - parietal cortex
function -sensory integration
25
what is the afferent/efferent and function of the pulvinar group of the thalamus
afferent - superior colliculus, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
efferent - parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
function - integration of sensory information
26
what is the afferent/efferent and function of the medial dorsal group of the thalamus
affernet - amygdaloid nuclear complex, olfactory, hypothalamus
efferent - prefrontal cortex
function - limbic
27
the reticular formation is part of what
the non specific system (diffuse-projection nuclei). The efferent of the intralaminar nuclei.
28
what is the afferent of the non-specific system of the thalamus.
wide areas of the cortex from the intralaminar nuclei
29
what's the function of the intralaminar nucleus
alertness and attention, wakefulness, sleep.
30
where are sensory and motor located within the thalamus
sensory is posteror, motor is ventral.
31
where are sensory and motor located within the cortex
sensory posterior, motor ventral
32
what is thalamic syndrome?
usually caused by vascular lesion.
damage to lateral group of thalamic nuclei (VPL)
initially transitory contralateral hemianalgesia. Then painful sensations. Later pain provoked by touch and vibration. Eventually spontaneous pain (contralateral side on lesion) without any external stimulus
33
what is dysesthesia
spontaneous, constant pain evoked without any external stimulus
34
what is the purpose and characteristics of the non-specific system of the thalamus?
activated by low-frequency, repetitive stimulation. All are interconnected nuclei. controls the level of excitability of neurons over wide areas of the cortex.
35
What is the preganglionic NT of sympathetic
ACh
36
what is the preganglionic NT of parasympathetic
ACh
37
what is the post ganglionic NT of sympathetic
mostly NE, ACh for sweat glands and vasodilator fibers
38
what is the post ganglionic NT of parasympathetic
ACh
39
which system has short preganglionic fibers
sympathetic
40
where is the sympathetic division found within the spinal cord?
thoracolumbar origin (t1-L2) the lateral horn
41
where is the parasympathetic division found in the spinal cord
cranio-sacral origin, cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and S2-4
42
what are the four different routes for a sympathetic pregangionic axon?
1. synapse in sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) at same level
2. synapse in sympathetic trunk at different level
3. pass through paravertebral ganglion to contact post ganglion within the prevertebral ganglions (celiac, etc.)
4. pass through paravertebral in route to the medulla
43
what are the prevertebral ganglion?
celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglions
44
which communicans has myelination?
white
45
which communicans exists at every level of the spinal cord?
gray.
46
what is the function of gray communicans
carry postsynaptic nerve fibers from paravertebral ganglia to their destination
47
what is the function of white communicans?
carry preganglionic nerve fibers from spinal cord to the paravertebral ganglia.
48
what is the muscle/gland, nuclei, and peripheral ganglia of cranial nerve III
edinger-westphal nucleus, sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliary ganglion
49
what is the muscle/gland, nuclei, and peripheral ganglia of cranial nerve VII
superior salivatory nucleus, pterygopalatine ganglion going to the lacrimal gland and the submandibular ganglion going to the submandibular and sublingual glands
50
what is the muscle/gland, nuclei, and peripheral ganglia of cranial nerve IX
inferior salivatory nucleus, otic ganglion, parotid gland
51
what is the muscle/gland, nuclei, and peripheral ganglia of cranial nerve X
dorsal motor nucleus, myenteric and submucosal ganglion, smooth muscles and glands of GI tract
52
what are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope
muscle weakness, warm sensation, nausea, sweating
53
what is the cause of vasovagal syncope
peripheral venous pooling
activation of low-pressure mechanoreceptors - the brain interprets as there is increased venous pressure
withdrawal of sympathetic activity and increase in vagus activity
inappropriate peripheral vasodilation and bradycardia -> hypotension and syncope
54
what are the receptors for the baroreceptor reflex?
1. stretch receptors in carotid sinus (IX)
| 2. stretch receptors in aortic arch (X)
55
what are the afferent limbs of the baroreceptor reflex?
glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve (IX, X)
56
what is the CNS processing center for the baroreceptor reflex
nucleus solitarius
57
what is the effect what baroreceptors are activated
parasympathetic is activated (X) from nucleus ambiguus and doral motor nucleus
sympathetic is inactivated.
58
What are the symptoms of horner's syndrome
ptosis
miosis
anhidrosis
59
what causes ptosis
loss of innervation of superior tarsal muscle
60
what causes miosis
loss of innervation of dilator pupillae muscle
61
what causes anhidrosis
loss of innervation of sweat glands
62
what tracks can be lesioned to caused horners
descending tract from hypothalamus, or pre/post ganglionic sympathetic nerves.
63
what are the symptoms of wallenburg syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)
dysarthria (speaking), dysphagia (swallowing), contralateral loss of pain and temp. Ipsilateral loss of facial sensation, horners
64
what is the cause of autonomic dysreflexia following spinal cord injury
noxious stimuli (below T6) can not send signals to CNS - this causes activation of local reflexive sympathetic outflow - vasoconstirction and elevated BP. Often caused from distended bladder.
65
what are some symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia following spinal cord injury
can be life threatening - stroke or seizure
headache, HYPERTENSION, bradycardia, piloerection, pallor, cold clammy skin below s.c injury, red blotches on skin above injury.
66
what is the parasympathetic's role in the bladder
micturition. Causes detrussor muscle contraction
67
what is the sympathetic's role in the bladder
storage. contracts the internal urethral sphincter
68
what is hirshprung's disease
absence of myenteric plexus - fails to produced ganglion cells located b/w layers of muscularis externa.
leads to no peristalsis in denervated colon - constipation.
69
what is the only structure the cortex receives info from?
the thalamus
70
what are the four structures the cortex sends information to?
thalamus
basal ganglia
brainstem
spinal cord
71
what is the cerebral cortex derived from?
the telencephalon
72
what are the three subdivisions of the cortex
archicortex, paleocortex, and neocortex
73
what makes up the archicortex
hippocampus and dentate gyrus
74
what makes up the paleocortex?
olfactory cortex
75
what makes up the neocortex
everything other than olfactory, hippo and dentate gyrus
76
what is included in the limbic lobe
cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus
77
what is the cerebral cortex supplied by?
ACA, MCA, PCA, and anterior and posterior communicating arteries, (Circle of willis)
78
how many cellular layers does the archicortex have?
3 layers
79
how many layers does the neocortex have?
6 layers
80
name the layers of the neocortex
1. molecular layer
2. external granular layer
3. external pyrimidal layer
4. internal granular layer
5. internal pyramidal layer
6. multiform layer
81
areas 3,1,2
primary somatosensory cortex - post central gyrus
82
precentral gyrus - name and areas?
area 4, primary motor cortex
83
area 17
primary visual cortex, cuneus and lingual gyri
84
primary auditory cortex - name of gyrus and area?
transverse gyri of heschl, areas 41, 42
85
areas 44 and 45
inferior frontal gyrus. Motor area of speech - broca's area.
86
a lesion to the primary somatosensory cortex leads to
contralateral loss of somesthetic sensation
87
a lesion to the primary motor cortex leads to
contralateral spastic paralysis
88
what is the organization of the visual cortex
central visual field is most posterior. Peripheral visiual field most anterior.
89
where is the vertical meridian of the visual cortex found?
between the borders of areas 17 and 18
90
where is the horizontal meridian of the visual cortex found?
bisects horizontally area 17
91
a lesion restricted to either the upper of lower banks of teh calcarine fissure leads to
contralateral inferior or superior quadrantanopia
92
a general lesion of the visual cortex leads to
contralateral hemianopia
93
a lesion of the primary auditory cortex leads to
suppresed or loss of hearing
94
a lesion to the dominant broca's area (usually left) leads to
motor aphasia, broca's aphasia or expressive aphasia
95
a lesion to the non-dominant broca's area (usually right) leads to
difficulting expressing emotional aspect of language
96
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is in charge of
working memory
97
the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (aka orbitofrontal) is in charge of
limbic
98
the inferior parietal lobule, aka the supramarginal and angular gyri are responsible for?
association cortices
99
the superior parietal lobule are responsible for
association cortices
100
lesion to the supramarginal gyrus (area 40) on dominant side leads to
astereognosis - normal sensation but loss of meaning of sensation
101
lesion to area 39 (angular gyrus) on dominant side leads to
aphasia, alexia, and agraphia
102
lesions of the association cortices of the parietal lobe on the non-dominant side leads to?
spatial distortion or contralateral neglect
103
what is the area for wernicke's area
area 22
104
wernicke's area is responsible for
comprehension of language (dominant on left)
105
lesions of wernicke's area on the dominant side
sensory aphasia (loss of meaning of language and speech), wernicke's aphasia, or receptive aphasia
106
lesions of wernick'es area on the non-dominant side leads to
difficultly in comprehending emotional aspect of language
107
what three systems is the hypothalamus functionally related to?
ANS, endocrine and limbic systems
108
what is the medial border to they hypothalamus?
the third ventricle
109
what is the lateral border of the hypothalamsu
the optic tract
110
what is the anterior border of the hypothalamus
optic chiasm and lamina terminalis.
111
what is the posterior border of they hypothalamus
the mammillary bodies
112
what is the median eminence
the anterior portion of the infundibulum that serves as the site where classes of hypothalamic neurons releaes regulatory factors tot he anterior pituitary
113
what three zones is the hypothalamus subdivded into?
perventricular, medial and lateral zones.
114
what are the lateral and medial hypothalamus subdivisons diveded by?
separated by the fornix ventrally and the mammillothalamic tract dorsally
115
what traverses the lateral zone of the hypothalamus
the fibers of the medial forebrain bundle
116
what are the three nuclei of the lateral zone
1. lateral preoptic nucleus
2. lateral hypothalamic area
3. tuberomammillary (lateral tuberal) nucleus
117
what is the function of the lateral hypothalamic area of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus
induces eating when stimulated.
| Also contains NTs (melanin-concentrating hormone and orexins) to increase food intake
118
what happens with a lesion to the lateral hypothalamic area of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus
anorexia and starvation
119
what is the function of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus
releases histamine to widespread portions of forebrain. ROle in attention and arousal. Inhibited during sleep
120
what are the four main regions of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
preoptic region
anterior (supraoptic)
middle (tuberal)
posterior (mammillary)
121
what nucleus does the preoptic region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus contain? What is its function
the medial preoptic nucleus.
Regulates gonadotropin secretion and contains interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus, one of which is sexually dimorphic
122
what are the four nuclei of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
1. suprachiasmatic
2. anterior hypothalamic (aka anterior)
3. paraventricular
4. supraoptic
123
what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
recieves direct input from retina. Controls circadian rhythm
124
what is the function of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
Temperature regulation - sense warmth and initiate responses to dissipate excessive heat.
Stimulatory drive of the parasympathetic division
125
what happens if you lesion the anterior hypothalamic nucleus of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
bilaterally - leads to hyperthermia
126
what is the function of the paraventricular nucleus of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
synthesize and release arginine vasopressin (AVP) for water conservation
oxytocin (milk, regulation of food intake)
CRH - stress response
Project to spinal cord and brainstem and exite sympathetic
127
what is the function of the supraoptic nucleus of the anterior (supraoptic) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
Synthesize AVP and oxytocin.
| Project to neurohypophysis to release hormones into general circulation
128
what are the three nuclei of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
1. dorsomedial nucleus
2. ventromedial nucleus
3. arcuate nucleus
129
what is the function of the dorsomedial nucleus of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
Blood pressure regulation. Aggression and savage behavior
130
what is the function of the ventromedial nucleus of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
inhibits urge to eat when stimulated.Relays ingestion-related signals to the brainstem
131
what happens where there is a bilateral lesion of the ventromedial nucleus of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
hyperphagia - continuous eating
132
what is the function of the arcuate nucleus of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
controls release of adenohypophyseal hormones. Produce hypothalamic-releasing factors
plays role in feeding behavior
133
where is the arcuate nucleus of the middle tuberal region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus located
ventral to the tuber cinereum
134
what are the nuclei of the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
1. Posterior nucleus
| 2. mammillary nucleus
135
what is the function of the posterior nucleus of the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
thermoregulation - senses cold and initiates heat conservation and heat production responses.
136
what happens when there is a bilateral lesion of the posterior nucleus of the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
inability to thermoregulate - poikilothermia
137
what is the function of the mammillary nucleus of the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
receive input from hippocampus via the fornix.
project to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus via mammillothalamic tract
memory
138
what happens when there is damage to the mammillary nucleus of the posterior (mammillary) region of the medial zone of the hypothalamus
memory disturbances
139
what is the function of the periventricular nucleus within the perventricular zone of the hypothalamus?
unknown - sometimes considered part of the medial zone of they hypothalamus. Lines the third ventrical wall.
140
describe the fornix fiber tract
hippocampus to mamillary bodies
141
mammillothalamic tract
mammillary bodies to anterior nucleus of thalamus - part of papez circuit
142
stria terminalis
fiber tract connecting amygdala with medial zone of hypothalamus
143
medial forebrain bundle
most complex fiber pathway. extends throughout entire lateral hypothalamic zone connecting setpal nuclei to brainstem
144
supraopticohypophyseal tract
supraotic and paraventricular nuclei to neurohypophysis.
| axons of the neurons that synthesize AVP or oxytocin
145
tuberoinfundibular tract
arcuate nucleus to hypophyseal portal system at median eminence. Carry neuropeptides that act upton anterior pituitary.
146
hypothalamospinal tract
descending axons that regulate spinal cord preganglionic neurons to both symp. and parasymp. Originates in pareventricular nucleus
147
damage to the hypothalamospinal tract leads to what
horner's syndrome
148
what are the three capacities of the hypothalamus
1. access sensory information from entire body
2. establishes the setpoints for temp, blood osmo, glucose, Na, and hormones
3. responds to deviation in set points by adjusting endocrine, autonomic or behavioral responses
149
what are the three areas that have a role in feeding
lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and arcuate nucleus.
150
what are the two neuropeptides from the arcuate nucleus that have a role in increased feeding/decreased metabolism. What factors help enhance the actions of these neuropeptides
AgRP and NYP.
| enhanced by ghrelin, MCH, and orexin.
151
what are the two neuropeptides from the arcuate nucleus that have a role in decreased feeding and increased metabolism. What factor enhance the actions of these peptides
alpha-MSH, CART.
| Enhanced by CRH, oxytocin and PPY. Also CCK, insulin, and leptin.
152
output neurons from the arcute nucleus go to what nucleus to make an effect
the nucleus of the solitary tract
153
where are MCH and orexin produced
the lateral hypothalmic area.
154
what is a craniopharyngioma and what are the symptoms
congenital tumor in Rathke's pouch (anterior pituitary) most common in children.
Pressure on optic chiasm - bitemporal heminaopia
pressure on hypothalamus - hypothalamic syndrome of adiposity, diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst and increased water excretion), temp regulation distrubances, and somnolence
155
what is hypothalamic memory distrubances
posterior hypothalamic lesion involving mammillary bodies. Inability to form new memories.
156
what is klein-levin syndrome
hypothalamic disorder in adolescent males. Hypersomnolence, episodic compulsive eating, hypersexuality.
157
what are the responses to a lesion in the anterior hypothalamus
the parasympathetic area - hyperthermia, insomnia, diabetes insipidus, emaciation (extreme weight loss)
158
what are the responses to a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus
"drinking center"
| adipsia (reduced intake of water), emaciation, apathy
159
what are the responses to a lesion in the medial hypothalamus
hyperdipsia, diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) - water is retained. Obesity, rage, amnesia, dwarfism, horner synd (ipsi)
160
what are the responses to a lesion in the posterior hypothalamus
"sympathetic area" hypothermia, poikilotermia, hypersomnia, coma, narcolepsy, apathy, ipsi horner syndrome
161
prader-willie syndrome
chromosomal deletion - inherited by father. hypothalmic dysfunction - hyperphagia -> obesity, narcoplepsy, short stature. caused by medial hypo. lesion
162
as the descending hypothalamic fibers move down the brainstem, what are the fibers near?
the spinothalamic tract.
163
what is the tract of sympathetic fibers to reach the eye?
pregang. exit interomediolateral tract and enters sympathetic chain. Ascends to superior cervical ganglion. Synapses onto post gang. neuron. Fibers follow internal carotid. -> cavernous sinus -> dilator muscle of pupil
164
klumpke's palsy
lower trunk of brachial plexus injury. May result in disrupted symp. output -> ipsilateral horner's, ipsi finger paralysis, normal proximal arm muscle.
165
pancoast syndrome
infiltration of superior cervical ganglion or lower brachail plexus with cancer, esp. lung cancer. Causes ipsilateral horners.
166
dissection of internal carotid artery (ICA)
separation of layers of artery, leading to clot formation that can cause stroke. or expansion of artery leads to stretching of sympathetic fibers that travel on top of artery -> decreased symp. output. usually caused by whiplash or disease like ehlers danlos.
167
cavernous sinus thrmobosis can see
cranial nerve injury pluse ipsilateral horners.
168
pupillary light reflex is testing
parasym - seeing the pupils contract to light.
169
pathway for pupil light reflex
pretectal nucleus of midbrain -> bilateral innervation of EW nucleus -> ciliary ganglion -> constrictor ciliary muscle
170
to maintain continence, what center is stimulated
micturition inhibitory center (medial frontal cortex)
171
pathway for maintaining continence
medial frontal cortex, inhibition of pontine micturition center, descends to lower thoracic/lumbar symp. region, inhibits parasym. contracts internal urinary sphincter and relaxes detrusor
172
pathway for voiding urine (symp side)
pontine micturition center activated, interomediolateral colum of symp. -> lumbar splanchnic nerve -> inferior mesenteric ganglion-> internal sphincter is not stimulated, lessened inhibition of detrusor
173
pathway for voiding urine (parasymp. side)
parasympathetic system is activated.
parasymp. region of sacral spinal cord -> pelvic splanchnic nerves -> inferior hypogastic plexus -> postganglion nerve -> stimulates detrusor to contract and relaxes internal sphincter.
174
a lesion of sympathetic to urination leads to
hyperactive spastic bladder
or
underactive internal sphincter.
175
how do you treat incontinence due to sympathetic lesion
anti-cholinergics to relax bladder walls
176
a lesion of parasym. to urination leads to
hypoactive "flaccid" bladder (overflowing bladder -> leaking)
or
overactive sphincter (preventing complete emptying)
177
how do you treat incontinence due to parasymp. lesion
anti-adrenergic to relax sphincter
| intermittent self catherization
178
what is the mnemonic for the functions of the limbic system
```
HOME
homeostatis
olfaction
memory
emotion
```
179
what is the function of the modality-specific (unimodal) association areas
the take info from the primary sensory and motor areas and make sense of the info. YOu know what you see is a dog
180
what is the function of the higher-order (heteromodal) association areas
to take the infor from the modality-specific association area and make sense of the information further.
You know it's a dog and you know the breed of the dog.
181
what is in papez's circuit
limbic system cingulate-> hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate
182
a newer model of the limbic system includes what other things other than papez's circuit
```
hypothalamus
septal area
oribitofrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
```
183
what is high densirty in the limbic system
chilinergic innervation and opiate receptors
184
what system is important for positive reinforcing brain mechanisms, lead to drugs and pleasure feelings
mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
185
the fornix connects what two structures
hippocampus and mammillary and septal nuclei
186
the mamillothalamic tract connect what two strucutres
mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus
187
the perforant path connects what two structures
entorhinal cortex and dentate (hippocampus)
188
what are the three main outer core-cortical areas of the limbic system
cingulate cortex
orbital fronal lobe
temporal lobe (hippocampus, parahip, entrohinal cortex)
189
the rostral portion of the cingulate cortex is associated with
emotions and motor
190
the caudal protion of the cingulate cortex is associated with
visual spatial and memory
191
the orbital frontal lobe for the limbic system is associated with
personality, behavioral control and self awareness
192
the temporal lobe with the limbic system is associated with
memory
193
what are the three inner core-subcortical components of the limbic system
1. hypothalamus
2. amygdala
3. septum
194
what is the function of the hypothalamus with the limbic system
pleasure center, autonomic, endocrine integration
195
what is the function of the amygdala with the limbic system
preservation of "self" behaviors, emotion, social behavior, aggression and defense response. Sexual behavior, visual stimuli effects
196
what is the function of the septum with the limbic system
preservation of species behaviors, sexaul behaviors and emotionality
197
the ventral amygdalofugal pathway connects what two structures
amygdala and hypothalamus and brainsetm
198
the stria terminalis connects what two structures
amygdala with septum, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens
199
which tract is the main efferent
the fornix
200
which tract is the main afferent to the hippocampal formation
the perforant path
201
what structures does the perforant path connect
etorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus
202
what structures does the medial forebrain bundle connect?
the hypothalamic nucleiand amygadal and brainstem nuclei
203
what are the symptoms of kluver-bucy syndrome
increased oral activity
hypersexuality
hypermetamorphosis (reacting to every visual stimulus and compulsive handling of object)
Placidity - flattened affect, lack of aggressive behavior, absence of fear
visual agnosia - loss or recognition of simple, familiar objects or people
Bulimia
anteriograde amnesia.
204
what lesion causes kluver bucy syndrome
lesion to bilateral temporal lobe including amygdala, hippocampus and uncus (anterior temporal poles)
commonly happens with epilepsy
205
what diseases cause kluver bucy syndrome
```
post traumatic encephalopathy
herpes viral encephalitis (most common)
anoxia
subarachnoid hemorrhage
pick's disease
alzheimer's
focal status epilepticus (seizing in hippocampus)
```
206
what is geschwind syndrome/ interictal personality
sensory limbic hyperconnection - strengthening of synaptic connections
increased concern with philisophical/religious issues
altered sexual behavior (usually hyposexual)
hypergraphia - extensive writing
viscosity - diffifculty in breaking off conversation
207
what are the two most pleasurable regions
the lateral hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, nucleus accumbens
208
what regions are associated with pain, rage, and strong adverse reactions
ventromedial nucleus and hypothalamus
209
main function of amygdala
modulation and experience of emotional reactions. Affective significance to visual stimuli. Critical for social interactions. Fear, memory
210
main septal region function
sexual behavior and emotionality
211
what are the two forms of long term memory. what structure is the main part of memory
explicit (declarative) and implicit (non declarative). hippocampus
212
what is declarative memory
episodic (remembering event) and semantic (remembering facts)
213
what things cause memory disorders associated with the hippocampus
```
dementia
head trauma
stroke (MCA or basilar artery)
wernicke korsakoff
transient global amnesia
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what is wernicke korsakoff syndrome
due to chronic alcoholism and nutritional deficiency (thiamine) - lesion in mammillary bodies and thalamus
acute - wernickes encephalopathy - confusion, oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia.
chronic - anterograde and tempoarally-graded retrograde amnesia.
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main function of cingulate gyrus. When hyperactive, what happens? Hyporeactive
emotion. Hyper: OCD (anterior portion). Hypo: socipathy, akinetic mutism
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what area of brain causes gilles de la tourette syndrome
anterior cingulate
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what is the function of the anterior cingualte. Lesions cause..
integration of thought, motivation and emotion with movement.
Lesions: anxiety, OCD, tics, impulsive behavior , apathy, akinesis, mutism
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what happens with a lesion tot he orbital frontal lobe
disinhibited, tactless, boastful. Inattentive, tendency to dress carelessly
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what happens witha lesion to the frontal/convexity or dorsolateral frontal lobe
apathetic, slow, little initiative. Vacancy of expression
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what happens witha lesion to the medial frontal lobe
akinetic mutism , inert speech
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when the frontal cortex wins over the hypothalamus you get
judged thinking. Not primitive
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which area of the brain has delayed development to maturity
frontal cortex
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the prefrontal cortex has what function
production and appreciation of art. Provides order. Mediates personaltiy, executive funcion, ability to sequence and organize tasks
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a lesion to the hippocampus would cause what memory issues
can't make new memories, still have old memories.
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synaptic plasticity
ability of synapses to change their strength in response to experience and a cellular model of learning and memory
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what are the two types of gluatmatergic receptors involved in memory
NMDA And AMPA
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which type of receptor involved in memory has an MG that blocks the pore
NMDA
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which receptor for memory stimulation/learning is activated first. what is the effect?
AMPA , Na influx, depolarization on post synaptic terminal
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what happens when Mg is displaced from the receptor for learning
Ca influx through NMDA receptor, activation of calmodulin kinase -> moves more AMPA receptors to post synaptic terminal -> potentiation
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what is calcium's role with depression of learning response
Ca can activate calcineurin after its influx through NMDA receptors. Causes AMPA to be taken off of post synaptic terminal. -> depression of activation.
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Cued fear conditioning for memory/learning is caused by the
amygdala
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Contextual fear conditioning for memory/learning is caused by
the hippocampus and amygdala
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what is the impact of aging with memory/learning
imbalance with synaptic plasticity and changes in the levels of molecules like CaMKII and calcineurin
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long term potentiation is due to what increase
increased AMPA receptors at postsynaptic terminal
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long term depression is due to what decrease
decreased AMPA receptors at postsynaptic terminal
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what is cross dominance in terms of speech
condition of right hemispheric dominance for language
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what is crowding in terms of speech
condition that occurs after early left hemisphere damage where development of language shifts to the right hemisphere at the expense of development of cognitive capacities typically associated with right hemisphere.
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pathological left handedness
condition of left-handedness that has occurred because of early injury to left hemisphere that cause a shift in natural handedness pattern
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are left handers left or right brain hemisphere dominant
left brain dominant
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atypical dominance of brain hemisphere increases with what?
early brain damage
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when an injury to the brain is at less than one year of age
normal language function, decline of intelligence
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when an injury to the brain is between 1 and 5 years
Crowding: language function develops but at an expense of development of non-linguistic skills (visual spatial)
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when an injury to the brain occurs after age 5
specific abnormalities of language skills
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crossed dominance occurs when there is an injury to
the core or central speech zone.
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an injury to the anterior area of language leads to
shift of word retrieval to the opposite hemisphere
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an injury to the posterior area of language leads to
shift of comprehension to the opposite hemisphere
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disorders of speech all involve malfunction of
muscles of speech articulation
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what is aphonia
injury to peripheral nervous system that innervates the muscles of the vocal cords, preventing sound production
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what is aphemia
individual can produce sounds but not speech. A disconnection syndrome - white matter lesion beneath broca's area
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all aphasias (disorder of language) can be classified by what
speech fluency, comprehension and repetition
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non-fluent aphasia occurs with dysfunction to
the anterior brain regions
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fluent aphasia occurs with dysfunction to the
posterior brain regions
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what connects broca's and wernicke's area
arcuate fasciculus
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what is the function of the arcuate fasciculus
repitition of speech
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wernicke's area is located where? function?
posterior superior temporal gyrus
| speech comprehension
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broca's area is located where? function?
posterior and inferior frontal lobe. Speech production
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global aphasia
no fluent, comp. or rep.
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broca's aphasia
no fluency or rep. Yes comprehension
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transcortical aphasias have what preserved
repetition
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transcortical motor aphasia
no fluency. Yes comp and rep.
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transcortical sensory aphasia
yes fluency and rep. no comp.
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isolation aphasia
no fluency or comp. Yes rep.
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wernicke's aphasia
Yes fluent, no comp or rep.
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conduction aphasia
yes fluent and comp. NO rep
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where is conduction aphasia located?
within the speech sound storage area - the posterior temporal lobe. or in the arcuate fasiculus
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difference between coma and encephalopathy
alertness, attention and awareness are lost, but to alesser extent than in coma.
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jacksonian march
seizures in the primary motor cortex that travels along primary motor cortex gyrus and activates muscles in order as seen in motor homunculus. Contralateral
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lesion of frontal eye fields causes
ipsilateral gaze preference - eye points to side that is lesioned
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description of broca's aphasia
non-fluent, halting, effortful, composed of few rods. Repition impaired
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broca's area is supplied by what artery
MCA
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orbitofrontal cortex function
provides restraint - inhibits socially inappropriate behavior
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what are the two ways to lesion the orbitofrontal cortex
head trauma (brain rubs along base of skull - like cribiform plate). and meningioma
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frontotemporal dementia. AKA. Symptoms and cause
picks disease.
cause - neurodegeneration
affects prefrontal cortex first - personality changes, irritability, mood changes, poor executive function
moves to other areas like oribitofrontal and temporal cortex.
dementia
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function of mesiofrontal cortex (frontal lobe)
provides initiative - motivation. Micturition inhib center - allows voluntary inhibition of urination.
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lesion to mesiofrontal cortex
akinetic mutism, abulia (lack of initiative) and incontenence
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graphesthesia. part of whAT
ability to discern what is written on skin. part of parietal somatosensory association cortex
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stereognosis. part of what?
ability to discern object placed in hand based on sensation. part of parietal somatosensory association cortex
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lesion to the parietal somatosenosry association cortices in non dominant side (usually right)
results in contralateral neglect and apraxia
| right parietal lesion leads to left neglect
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what is apraxia. lesion in what area
inabiltiy to perform a skilled task (brushing teeth). Lesion to parietal somatosenosry association area (non dominant side)
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Gerstmann syndrome
lesion of dominant parietal cortex (left) - angular gyrus
| agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, right and left confusion.
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monocular visual field defects is usually due to
lesion anterior to chiasm
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homonymous - meaning and indication
affects both sides (ex - right eye field in both eyes). indicates that lesion is in cortex or subcortex
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lesion in the parietal region of optic radiations after LGN
(superior bank of occipital cortex) - contralateral inferior quadrantanopia
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lesion in temporal region of optic radiation after LGN
(inferior bank of occiptal cortex) - contralateral superior quadrantanopia
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bitemporal hemianopia
optic chaism area - only inner field vision left.
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contralateral homonymous hemianopia
both left of both right fields are affected. affecting both inferior and superior fibers
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how does macular sparing happen
dual blood supply to occipital pole (MCA and PCA)
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baliant syndrome - cause
lesion of bilateral occipital-parietal pathways - the "where" pathway that helps you determine spatial relations of objects
bilateral MCA/PCA watershed infarct, alzheimer's
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baliant syndrome symptoms
1. simultanagnosia
2. optic ataxia
3. ocular apraxia
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simultanagnosia
inability to perceive the visual field as a whole. Patient will focus on small protion of picture, but can't concepualize picture as a whole
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optic ataxia
inability to point/reach for objects in visual field under visual guidance. Won't know where to point
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ocular apraxia
inability to look at objects in visual field using saccades
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ACA MCA infarct (watershed infarct) leads to
man in a barrel syndrome - sparing of hands and feet.
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what is eloquent cortex
areas of the brain that are still functional and normal compared to a nearby tumor
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what is flair-enhanced tumor bed imaging
reveal edema within the tumor. less defined, but easier to see. Specific for pathologies
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how does fMRI work
neural activity triggers local vasodilation. Increase in oxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygenated leads to a stonger imaging signal
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what is DTI
diffusion tensor imaging. watches water molecule movement along a white matter tract vs. across the tract
