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Neuro Degenerative Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease characterized by?

A

Increased muscle tone, tremor at rest, impaired postural reflexes, slowness in movement initiation and execution

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2
Q

What is the acronym used to remember the classic manifestations of Parkinson’s disease?

A

TRAP

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3
Q

What does ‘T’ in TRAP stand for in relation to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremor

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4
Q

What does ‘R’ in TRAP stand for in relation to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Rigidity

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5
Q

What does ‘A’ in TRAP stand for in relation to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Akinesia (bradykinesia)

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6
Q

What does ‘P’ in TRAP stand for in relation to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Postural instability

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7
Q

What are some common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Apathy
  • Fatigue
  • Pain
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Memory changes
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8
Q

What is the primary goal of drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease?

A

To correct an imbalance of neurotransmitters within the CNS

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9
Q

What type of drugs are used in the management of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Dopaminergic drugs (e.g., Levodopa/Carbidopa)
  • Anticholinergic drugs
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10
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

A rare progressive neurologic disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the typical symptoms of ALS?

A
  • Weakness of the upper extremities
  • Dysarthria
  • Dysphagia
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12
Q

What is the life expectancy of a patient diagnosed with ALS?

A

Typically 2 to 6 years

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13
Q

What is the hereditary pattern of Huntington’s disease?

A

Genetically transmitted, autosomal dominant disorder

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14
Q

What is a common characteristic of Huntington’s disease?

A

Abnormal and excessive involuntary movements (chorea)

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15
Q

What is dementia?

A

A syndrome characterized by dysfunction or loss of memory, orientation, attention, language, judgment, and reasoning

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16
Q

What are the two most common causes of dementia?

A
  • Neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease)
  • Vascular disorders
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17
Q

What is vascular dementia also known as?

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A

Multi-infarct dementia

18
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

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A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

19
Q

What is a common early sign of Alzheimer’s disease?

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A

Subtle deterioration in memory

20
Q

What behavioral problems may occur in patients with Alzheimer’s disease?

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A
  • Repetitiveness
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Agitation
  • Aggression
  • Altered sleeping patterns
21
Q

What is ‘sundowning’ in Alzheimer’s disease?

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A

Increased confusion and agitation in the late afternoon or evening

22
Q

How is Alzheimer’s disease diagnosed?

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A

Diagnosis is one of exclusion; no single clinical test can be used

23
Q

What nursing strategies can address difficult behavior in Alzheimer’s patients?

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A
  • Redirection
  • Distraction
  • Reassurance
24
Q

What is a critical nursing role when managing sundowning?

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A

Managing the patient’s environment to reduce confusion

25
What are common risks associated with patients with dementia?
* Injury from falls * Wandering * Injury from sharp objects * Inability to respond to crisis situations
26
What is the rationale for using an enteral feeding tube in a patient with Parkinson's disease?
To prevent aspiration due to inability to swallow
27
What must be done before and after administering medications through an enteral feeding tube?
Crush medications and perform a sterile water flush
28
What is the Monro-Kellie hypothesis?
Explains the dynamic equilibrium of cranial contents and how changes in volume affect intracranial pressure
29
What are potential symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
* Headache * Nausea * Vomiting * Altered consciousness
30
What is the priority nursing care for a patient post spinal cord tumor removal?
Monitoring for return of reflexes
31
What should be done first when a patient with a brain tumor experiences a seizure?
Turn the patient to the side
32
What is an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with dementia related to impaired memory?
Maintain familiar routines of sleep, meals, drug administration, and activities
33
What are early warning signs of Alzheimer's disease compared to normal forgetfulness?
* Forgetting a colleague’s name at a party * Repeatedly misplacing car keys * Leaving a pot on the stove * Forgetting to serve or eat a meal
34
What is the priority intervention for a patient with dementia who becomes aggressive?
Assess for unmet need
35
What is the priority intervention for a patient with dementia who becomes aggressive?
Modification of environmental or physical factors ## Footnote Medications are not the first-line intervention.
36
What are the causes of problematic behaviors in dementia usually related to?
Some type of unmet need ## Footnote This can include physical discomfort or emotional distress.
37
What is a technique called where many staff are made available in the milieu to prevent behavioral violence?
Show of force ## Footnote This technique may increase fear in patients with dementia.
38
When should restraints be used for patients with dementia?
As a last resort only after all other techniques have been unsuccessful ## Footnote Restraints should not be the first option.
39
Which of the following factors contribute to aggressive behaviors in dementia? (Select all that apply)
* Music * Disorientation * Feelings of frustration * Pain * Constipation ## Footnote Music is usually calming, while disorientation and frustration can trigger aggression.
40
True or False: Respectful conversation facilitates trust with dementia patients.
True ## Footnote It is important for building rapport.
41
Fill in the blank: Factors that contribute to aggressive behaviors in dementia include _______.
[Disorientation, feelings of frustration, pain, constipation] ## Footnote These factors may lead to aggressive outbursts due to unmet needs.

med surg (3 decks)

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