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NSC 201 > Neuro Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 1 Review Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of western medicine

Believed brain involved in sensation and seat to intelligence

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2
Q

Galen

A

showed cerebrum receives sensation and cerebellum commands muscle
discovered ventricles

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3
Q

Descartes

A

brain vs mind argument

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4
Q

Galvani and Bois-Reymond

A

electrically stimulated the brain
showed brain generates electricity
no more fluid theory

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5
Q

Bell and Magendie

A

proposed origin of motor fibers is cerebellum and destination of sensory fibers is cerebrum

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6
Q

Flourens

A

used ablations to show cerebellum plays role in coordination

localization theory

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7
Q

Gall

A

phrenology

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8
Q

Broca

A

showed phrenology was wrong

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9
Q

Schwann

A

cell theory

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10
Q

cell theory

A

all tissues are composed of unites called cells

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11
Q

Nissl

A

shows grey matter
stains nuclei of cells
distinguishes between neurons and glia

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12
Q

Golgi

A

small percent of neurons become dark in entirety

shows grey and white matter

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13
Q

Ramon y Cajal

A

used golgi stain to draw

neurons are not continuous and communicate by contact

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14
Q

Grey mater

A

unmeylinated neurons on outside of cerebrum

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15
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons on inside of cerebrum

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16
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

watery potassium rich fluid inside the cell

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything inside membrane except nucleus

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19
Q

Signal Recognition Protein

A

recognizes particles being made on free ribosome and can send it to Rough ER

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20
Q

Free Ribosome protein synthesis fate

A

internal structures

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21
Q

Rough ER protein synthesis fate

A

inserted into plasma membrane OR enclosed in vesicles

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

site of post translational and chemical processing of proteins
Directs trans-membrane and secretory proteins to their destination

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23
Q

DNA microarrays

A

shows which genes expressed uniquely in neurons

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24
Q

editing genes

A

delete (knockout), insert (knock in), mutate

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25
Dendrites
shorter and branched profusely | not myelinated
26
Axons
``` maintain constant radius long branching at 90 degrees no ribosomes mitochondria present the thicker the axon the faster transfer of info ```
27
Cytoskeleton
gives neurons its shape dynamically regulated provides mechanical support allows cells to migrate (tau) Bones= Microtubules, Microfilaments, Neurofilaments
28
Microtubules
longest, run longitudinally down neurites
29
Microfilaments and Neurofilaments
give microtubules support
30
Axon Terminal
Microtubules dont extend into terminal Contains synaptic vesicles Many mitochondria
31
Axoplasmic Transport
Material enclosed in vesicles and walked along microtubules Anterograde Retrograde
32
Anterograde
Kinesin (to terminal)
33
Retrograde
Dynein (to soma)
34
Tract Tracing
trace path of axons to show circuits
35
Classification of Neurons
1. Number of Neurons (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar) 2. Dendritic tree shape (parametal or stellate) and presence of spines 3. Connections (sensory, motor, interneurons) 4. Axon Length
36
Golgi Type 1
projection neurons | parametal
37
Golgi Type 2
local circuit | stellate
38
Glia Cells
5:1 glia to neurons | provide structural and metabolic support to neurons
39
Oligodendrocytes
create myelin sheaths around axons in CNS | stop growth of neurons
40
Schwann Cells
create sheaths in PNS | guide axonal regeneration
41
Microglia
inolved in response to injury/disease in CNS
42
Astrocytes
Largest glia, star shaped Control and communicate with many neurons Form barrier to unwanted substances entering the brain Control blood flow to neurons Remove waste Send nutrients to neurons
43
Central Nervous System
Inside of bone, brain and spinal cord | Interprets sensory input, initiates movement, mediates complex cognitive processes
44
Afferent Nerves
bring sensory info to CNS
45
Efferent Nerves
carry motor signals out of CNS
46
ipsilateral
structures on same side
47
Contralateral
structures on different sides
48
Cerebrum
Fissures = large grooves (longitudinal, central, lateral) divide brain into four lobes Sulci = small grooves Gyri = bumps (precentral, postcentral, superior temporal) Hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
49
Cerebellum
Primary motor control center, "do it well" | Superior Peduncle, Middle Peduncle, Inferior Peduncle
50
Brain Stem (4 parts)
1. Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) 2. Midbrain/Mesencephalon (tectum and tegmentum) 3. Pons (metencephalon) 4. Medulla (Myelencephalon)
51
Structure Scans
CT and MRI
52
Function Scans
PET and fMRI
53
Spinal Cord
4 regions: Cervical (8) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (6) Spinal cord is shorter than column so nerves exit at cauda equina Dorsal root brings sensory info Ventral root carrys motor info Grey matter on inside, white matter on outside White matter has ascending and descending tracts
54
Meninges
Dura mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater
55
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fills sub-arachnoid space Produced by choroid plexus supports CNS and provides cushioning
56
Brain Blood Supply
anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
57
Spinal Cord Blood Supply
anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior arteries
58
Somatic Nervous System
Part of PNS | Involved in sensations we are aware of
59
Autonomic Nervous System
Unconsious part of PNS Regulates viseral (organ) functions to maintain homeostatsis Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
60
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or flight | 2nd stage neurons far from target
61
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest or digest | 2nd stage neurons close to target
62
Cranial Nerves
On Occasion Out Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
63
Forebrain
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
64
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
65
Hindbrain
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
66
Neocortex Layers
Layer 1 = synaptic integration Layer 2 and 3 = input/ output to other cortical areas Layer 4 = input from thalamus Layer 5 = output brainstem and spinal cord Layer 6 = output to thalamus
67
Neocortex
Layers differ in thickness, cell density, and type Pyramidal cells are output neurons and excitatory (layers 1,5,6) Stellate cells are local circuits and can be excitatory or inhibitory (layers 2,3 layer 4 is spiny excitatory) Columnar organization 50 distinct regions
68
White Matter Fiber Tracts (3)
1. Association = connects gyri in same hemisphere 2. Commissural = connects corresponding gyri in opposite hemisphere 3. Projection = connect cerebrum with other parts of brain and spinal cord
69
Subcortical Areas
Basal Forebrain Basal Ganglia Limbic System
70
Basal Forebrain
infront of and below thalamus Nucleus Accumbens Nucleus Basalis
71
Nucleus Accumbens
Part of Basal Forebrain | Role in cognitive processing of motivation and reward learning and addiction
72
Nucleus Basalis
Part of Basal Forebrain | Role in sleep/wake cycle and learning and memory
73
Basal Ganglia
Lateral to thalamus Plays role in selection of motor actions to execute Striatum (caudate and putamen) and Globus pallidus
74
Limbic System
``` Basic motivations, emotions, learning, memory Hippocampus Cingulate cortex Amygdala Septum Hypothalamus Mammillary Bodies Anterior nuclei of thalamus ```
75
Diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
76
Thalamus
Process/relay somatic nervous system info to cerebral cortex Sleep/wake states Consciousness Ascending Nuclei and Motor Help Nuclei
77
Ascending Nuclei in Thalamus (3)
``` Medial = auditory Lateral = vision VPN = touch ```
78
Motor Help Nuclei in Thalamus (2)
``` VLN = cerebellum VAN = basal ganglia ```
79
Hypothalamus
Motivates search for food/drink/sleep/temp/mates | Controls activities of autonomic N.S.
80
Mesencephalon
Tectum (roof) and Tegmentum (floor)
81
Tectum
Superior Colliculi = visual motor function to direct bodys orientation towards or away from stimulus Interior Colliculi = part of auditory system
82
Tementum (Major parts and tracts)
Penaqueductal Grey = pain modulation, defensive behaviors, fight or flight Red Nucleus = motor coordination, gets input from cerebeullum Substantia Nigra = movement selection Medial Lemniscus = somatosensory fibers ascending to VPN of thalamus Pyramidal Tract = motor axons from primary motor cortex descending toward spinal cord
83
Metencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum
84
Pons
Ventral pons contain pontine nuclei and receives input from descending fibers of pyramidal tract Pontine nuclei project axons into cerebellum via cerebellar peduncle
85
Superior Peduncle
primary output, send to red nucleus and VLN
86
Middle Peduncle
input from contalateral motor cortex via pontine nuclei
87
Inferior Peduncle
input from ipsilateral inferior olive
88
Myelencephalon
``` Medulla Responsible for basic functions of autonomic N.S. Contains superior (hearing) and inferior (motor) olives ```
89
Medulla Major Fiber Tracts
Medial Lemniscus = ascending sensory fibers in dorsal collumn nuclei, axons cross brain stem here Medullary Pyramids = descending motor axons from primary motor cortex
90
Reticular Formation
Involved in sleep/wake cycle, arousal/attention, voluntary motor control, reward and addiction, and mood Raphe nuclei and locus coerulleus involved in mood and RAS Ventral tegmental area = reward area
91
Germinal Stage
time from fertilization to implantation in uterus
92
Potency and types of potency
``` Ability to develop into different cell types Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Unipotent ```
93
Totipotent
fertilized egg to morula
94
Pluripotent
blastocyst
95
Gastrulation
Formation of Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
96
Ectoderm
Becomes skin and nervous system
97
Endoderm
Internal stuff
98
Mesoderm
Muscle and skeleton
99
Neurulation
Nervous system emerges, derived from ectoderm | Neural plate edges elevate and meet at midline forming neural tube
100
Neural Tube
CNS
101
Inside Neural Tube
Ventricles and spinal canal
102
Neural Crest
PNS
103
Somite
Skull and vertebrae, also mesoderm
104
Differentiation
Process by which structures become specialized | First Differentiation = three swellings called the primary vesicles (proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)
105
Differentiation of Forebrain
Give rise to olfactory bulbs | Telecephalon fuses with diencephalon

NSC 201 (1 decks)

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